Abuse of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has been known since the early 1990's, but is not as widespread as the consumption of other illegal drugs. However, the number of severe intoxications with fatal outcomes is comparatively high; not the least of which is brought about by the consumption of the currently legal precursor substances gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD). In regards to previous assumptions, addiction to GHB or its analogues can occur with severe symptoms of withdrawal. Moreover, GHB can be used for drug-facilitated sexual assaults. Its pharmacological effects are generated mainly by interaction with both GABA(B) and GHB receptors, as well as its influence on other transmitter systems in the human brain. Numerous analytical methods for determining GHB using chromatographic techniques were published in recent years, and an enzymatic screening method was established. However, the short window of GHB detection in blood or urine due to its rapid metabolism is a challenge. Furthermore, despite several studies addressing this problem, evaluation of analytical results can be difficult: GHB is a metabolite of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid); a differentiation between endogenous and exogenous concentrations has to be made. Apart from this, in samples with a longer storage interval and especially in postmortem specimens, higher levels can be measured due to GHB generation during this postmortem interval or storage time.

The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme was purified and characterized from Hemşin Apple (Malus communis L.), which was organically grown in Hemşin, in the Rize province of Turkey. Enzyme (PPO) activation was determined with catechol substrate. Apples were homogenized with homogenate buffer (pH 8.5). This process was followed by precipitation with (20-80%) saturated solid (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and dialysis. Finally, purification with DE52-Cellulose ion-exchange and Sephadex G-25 columns was performed. Experiments were performed at an optimum pH (5.5) and optimum temperature (30-40°C). The kinetic and thermal parameters Km (3.40 mM), Vmax (333.3 EU/mL.min), Ea (3.57 kcal), ΔH (2.968 kcal/mol), Q 10 (1.33), k cat (24.57 min −1 ) and V 0 (7.2x10 3 mM −1 .min −1 ) were assessed. Additionally, the effects of Mg 2+ , Pb 2+ , Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Co 2+ , Al 3+ , Mn 2+ and Na + on enzyme activity was recorded, and the IC 50 values, K İ values and inhibition types were determined.

Performans, profesyonel bir müzisyenin aktif müzik hayatı devam ettiği sürece kariyerinin önemli bir parçasıdır. Profesyonel bir müzisyen öğrenciliğinden itibaren çalgısı ya da sesi ile ilgili teknik düzeyinin gelişmesi için yoğun bir çalışma süreci geçirmektedir. Teknik düzeyini sergileme aşamasına geldiğinde ise bir başka faktör ortaya çıkmaktadır. O da performans kaygısı ve onun kontrolüdür. Bu çalışmada, ortaokul ve lise düzeyinde öğrenim gören konservatuvar müzik öğrencilerinin müzik performans kaygıları (MPK) çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, kız öğrencilerin MPK düzeylerinin, erkek öğrencilere göre yüksek olduğu, yaylı çalgı çalan öğrencilerin daha yüksek MPK düzeyine sahip oldukları, çalışma süresi yükseldikçe başarıya ilişkin algının da arttığı, sınıf düzeyi yükseldikçe MPK'nın arttığı, ilk sahne deneyimi yaşı küçüldükçe MPK'nın azaldığı görülmüştür. Bununla beraber öğrencilerin anne-baba eğitim durumunun ve mezun oldukları okul türünün MPK açısından anlamlı bir fark oluşturmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Metaphors play a cognitive and affective role in how people think and perceive a situation, an event or a person. The study of metaphors is one of the methods used to evaluate the conceptual meaning of individuals' beliefs and perceptions. This study aimed to understand how" the musician" and "the artist" concepts, which are often used as close meanings or synonyms, are misused and perceived by university students whose professional education is not music. A total of 110 students from various departments of Dokuz Eylül University voluntarily participated in the study in the 2018-2019 academic year. The study was descriptive and it was qualitative. Phenomenology design was adopted in the study and the data were analyzed by the content analysis technique. The data were analyzed in the Nvivo qualitative data analysis software and categorized according to the experts' opinions. According to the results of the research, 62 metaphors related to "the artist" concept and 65 metaphors related to "the musician" concept were used. According to the metaphors, 9 categories related to the concept of "the artist, and 7 categories related to the concept of "the musician" were formed. Examining the categories formed, it was seen that "creative", "relaxing" and "unifying" were the common categories for both the artist and the musician. The other prominent categories for the artist concept included "enlightener" and "freedom" while the other prominent categories for the musician concept included expression of "abstractness", "educator-instructor" and "value".

The aim of this study is to determine the social skill levels of high school students according to their participation in musical activities. Social skills are important in all stages of an individual’s development, but due to physical and mental changes in high school years when adolescence is intensely experienced, the individual may have problems in adapting to the environment and expressing herself/himself. This study group consisted of 258 students from different types of high schools. In this research, the screening model, which is one of the quantitative research methods, was used. In this study, Social Skills Inventory, which was developed by Riggio (1986) and adapted to Turkish by Yuksel (1997), is used. According to the results of this research; female students’ emotional sensitivity, emotional expressivity and social control scores were significantly higher than that of male students, and male students' emotional control scores were significantly higher than that of female students; it was also found that the total social skill scores, social sensitivity scores, emotional sensitivity and social expressivity scores of the students playing instruments were significantly higher than those who did not play; it was also observed that emotional expressivity scores of the choir group were significantly higher than the students singing solo or taking part in an orchestra. According to these results, it can be found that music contributed positively to the increase of social skills of high school students who are exposed to some problems due to adolescence during high school. Keywords: Adolescents, music, music education, social skills.

Çalışmada Türkiye`de 1997-2019 yılları arasında eleştirel okuma alanında yapılmış yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri incelenerek lisansüstü düzeydeki araştırmaların eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, tezler yayımlandığı yıl, yöntem, veri toplama araçları, örneklem özellikleri, veri analiz teknikleri ve konu alanları açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Tezlerin incelenmesinde betimsel araştırma yaklaşımlarından doküman incelemesi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma 1997-2019 yılları ile sınırlandırılmış olup bu yıllar arasında Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi Veri Tabanında bulunan ve tam metin olarak ulaşılabilen tezler çalışma kapsamına alınmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularıyla elde edilen sonuçlara incelendiğinde; Türkiye'de eleştirel okuma konusunda yapılan araştırmaların çoğu genellikle yüksek lisans düzeyindedir. Tezlerin çoğu Gazi Üniversitesinde yazılmıştır. Tezlerin çoğunluğunda ortaokul öğrencileri ile çalışıldığı, deneysel çalışmalar olduğu, tezlerde genellikle anket ya da likert tipi ölçeklerin kullanıldığı, t-testi ve ANOVA analizi istatistiklerinin kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir.

Books have an important place in the education of children. Books prepare children for life. Especially the characteristics and occupations of the heroes in the books at primary level are effective in determining the attitudes of children towards the professions in the future. For this reason, the occupations undertaken by the heroes and how these occupations are divided by gender are extremely important. The aim of the study is to examine the distribution of occupations according to the professions and gender in the textbooks of primary school Turkish course books. This research is a qualitative study. The sample of the study consists of four course books taught in primary school in the 2018-2019 academic year. In research texts in the textbooks and pictures of these texts will be examined.