AIM:To measure the level of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus awareness among visitors in PHC at KAMC and to explores the factors which influence the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus awareness.METHODS:The study was a cross-sectional study conducted between February and September 2018 in four primary health care centers belong to King Abdulaziz Medical City. The study participants were male and female adult visitors to the centers` age from 18 to 60 years of age. The sample size was 400 participants. The participants were enrolled via a random convenience sampling method. Study data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Analytic statistics were done using the Chi-square (χ2) test for associations and/or the difference between two categorical variables. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS:The awareness about Systemic Lupus Erythematosus among male and female was not statistically significant as (P = 0.304), but there was a statistically significant difference according to education level. Visitors with high school education are aware of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus than those with a lower level of education (Primary & Middle school) who are not aware of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by (P = 0.023).CONCLUSION:The study shows that this survey is valuable and beneficial to the community as it helps people to assess their knowledge about Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and become aware of this disease, as well as awareness of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus should be promoted among the community.

Objectives: To measure the levels of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) awareness among patients in primary health care (PHC) at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to explore the factors which influence the SLE awareness. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted between February and September 2018 in 4 PHC centers at KAMC. The study participants were male and female adult visitors to the centers age from 18-60 years. The sample size was 400 participants. The participants were enrolled via a random convenience sampling method. Study data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Analytic statistics were carried out using the Chi-square test for associations or the differences between 2 categorical variables. A p ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: Most of the participants in our study were unaware of SLE. This indicates poor knowledge about the disease. There were no statistically significant differences in awareness about SLE between males and females ( p =0.304), but there were significant differences according to education levels ( p =0.023), and between knowing a person who had been diagnosed with SLE and caring for him or her ( p =0.020). Conclusion: The study shows that this survey is valuable and beneficial to the community as it helps people to assess their knowledge about SLE and become aware of this disease, as well as awareness of SLE should be promoted among the community.

Background. Usage of metformin in non-diabetic women with breast cancer is neither a common approach nor a conventional treatment modality. Metformin and chemotherapy have a high phenotypic variation in complete response rate among diabetic patients with different types of cancer. Although the results on salvage therapy were contradictory, we carried out a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of the addition of metformin to conventional treatment on the prognosis in non-diabetic women who have breast cancer. Methods. A consummate literature search of Pub-Med, EMBASE, grey literature, and web of science was conducted until 7 th of March 2020. A total of 11 randomized control trials were included in this metaanalysis including references related to metformin, breast cancer, and prognosis. The search was limited to English language and human studies, including references related to metformin, breast cancer, and prognosis. We performed the meta-analysis using a random and fixed-effects model, with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) as effect measures. Results. A total of 11 randomized control trials consisting of 1681 breast cancer patients without diabetes including 841 ones which received metformintreatement versus 840 ones not treated with metformin. The meta-analysis found that metformin has been linked with anti-proliferative role (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.59-0.71). Subgroup analysis showed an increased average progression of free survival which demonstrates that metformin improves overall survival by 65% after correcting for hormone-receptor/gene expression (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.15-0.84). Taking metformin as treatment of breast cancer has been related to extended survival rate. Conclusion. This meta-analysis supports the potential role of metformin in the management of cancer, as it may increase progression free survival among nondiabetic patients with breast cancer. More clinical trials are needed for further exploration of metformin role, and to determine whether improvements in cancer care can be achieved with adding metformin to reduce mortality or to improve overall survival in patients with breast cancer. (Clin Diabetol 2020; 9)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic debilitating and non-communicable disease. It has several long-term outcomes that are associated with various end organ damage, mainly the heart, blood vessels, eyes, nerves, and kidneys. There are different modalities of treatment of diabetes. The recent incretin-based therapies provided an innovative class of drugs including GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors. This review aims to summarize the available evidence of their effectiveness. This is a narrative review. Several databases were searched. Search terms used were MeSH and keywords with different combinations of Boolean operators according to the database but were comparable. Studies included were: randomized controlled trials, cohort and case-controlled studies, health technology report, meta-analysis, and systematic reviews. Results were analysed and reported in a narrative style with emphasis on the effectiveness and adverse effects of various types of incretin based therapies. 17 articles were retrieved as they fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They were heterogeneous in terms of interventions, participants, settings and outcomes. Studies varied in their quality and/or reporting of their findings conducted in several settings. There are two types of incretin: Glucose dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP) and Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1). There is no question that incretin-based glucose-lowering medications have demonstrated to be effective glucose-lowering drugs. They proved an evidence-based efficacy profile and appear to do so with significant effects to stimulate weight loss with minimal hypoglycaemia. However, there are few side effects that should not be overlooked when deciding to use such therapies. The findings of our review presented here, do not prove that these agents are unsafe, but it does suggest that the burden of evidence now rests with those who hope to persuade us of their safety. Continuous clinical monitoring and more research are essential to clarify the actions of GLP-1R agonists and DPP-4 on the normal and diabetic exocrine pancreas.