Objectives: This study enlightens association of different cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and renal morbidities with hypertensive retinopathy which is very much relevant in the present scenario, especially in India, where the prevalence of hypertension is very high. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence, association, and severity of hypertensive retinal changes among patients with other target organ damage (TOD) such as cardiovascular or cerebrovascular or renal morbidities. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out after doing systemic random sampling involving 416 study participants having a history of hypertensive cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, and renal damages include history of stroke, acute coronary syndromes, left ventricular hypertrophy, and chronic kidney disease which were examined by direct ophthalmoscopy findings and classified according to the Scheie classification throughout the past 1 year in OPD of our institution. Results: Hypertensive retinopathy was present in 259 patients (62.25%) out of 416 participants (Grade I: 13.5%, Grade II: 26.9%, Grade III: 18.5%, and Grade IV: 3.4%). Among the variables associated with hypertensive retinopathy, it was seen that 209 (63.3%) subjects present with features of hypertensive retinopathy are more than 50 years of age. No significant association was found between hypertensive retinopathy and presence or absence of cardiovascular morbidities, cerebrovascular morbidities, and renal morbidities. However, the subgroup analysis shows that significant association was found between Grade IV hypertensive retinopathy with renal morbidities (odds ratio [OR] = 5.83 at 95% CI, P = 0.002) and Grade I retinopathy with cerebrovascular morbidities (OR = 7.09 at 95% CI, P = 0.000). Conclusion: Severe grades of retinopathy can be an indicator of renal morbidity, whereas earlier grades of retinopathy can be predictor of acute cerebrovascular events. Physicians should adopt holistic approach to evaluate TODs and screen them adequately in all hypertensives.
Background: Foreign body aspiration may occur at any age, however most of these accidents occur in the children below age three years. The high incidence in young children reflects their tendency to explore their world using their mouths. Furthermore, these children have not yet developed a full posterior dentition, and neuromuscular mechanisms for swallowing and airway protection may not be fully mature. Aim: To describe the common presenting signs and symptoms of foreign bodies among patients attending ENT department at TMH. Material and methods: The present study was carried out in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, R. G. Kar Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal. Approval by the ethics committee of Hospital, Jamshedpur is taken and written informed consent of patients is obtained to conduct the study. The study was conducted from August 2014 to December 2015 for a period of 1 and half years. Result: In our study, there was equal incidence of FB among the various socioeconomic statuses. We have clustered 1 and 2 socioeconomic status as upper status, and 3,4 and 5 as lower status. There were statistically no significant difference in the incidence of FB was seen according to their SES, with p – value = 0.7721 { p > 0.05 }. Conclusion: Proper history and examination are the key components to diagnose foreign bodies. Otolaryngologists should categorise high risk patients on the basis of parity of mother, socioeconomic status and education of care giver, and they should be examined thoroughly.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.