Although there have been some reports of occurrence of scalariform and modified scalariform types of perforation in vessels of some members of the Rutaceae, no such observation has so far been made in the woods of Euodia species. In two species, E. elleryana and E. lunuankenda, besides the scalariform type, irregular and regular reticulate types of perforation have been observed. Additionally, silica bodies have also been noticed in vessels, fibres and axial parenchyma.
In order to minimize antenna complexity and improve gain, a new compact size low profile SIW-cavity-based frequency reconfigurable antenna is presented for IoT, WLAN, and 5G applications. The proposed antenna miniaturization is achieved by incorporating SIW cavity using metallic vias. The reconfiguration mechanism is accomplished by etching a circular ring slot and a C-shaped slot at the top metallic layer of the substrate. The frequency switching mechanism from low to high state is provided by eight PIN diodes. The diodes are placed in a symmetrical order along circular ring slot. All the diodes are switched on simultaneously to achieve low-frequency state operation. However, the off state of the diodes shifts antenna operation from low to high-frequency state. The antenna is fabricated on a small size substrate with an overall electrical size of (0.4λ* 0.4λ).The proposed antenna resonates at frequencies 2.4, and 3.45 GHz with 220 MHz and 470 MHz bandwidth respectively in low-frequency state. In high-frequency state, the antenna resonates at 5.8 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth. The proposed antenna achieves peak gain of 6.3, 6.7, and 5.9 dBi in the three bands, and stable radiation patterns are attained in the working frequency band of the antenna.
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