In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of metal(loid)s, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxidative potential (OP) in PM
10
during dust and non-dust days in a rural and an urban area in Tehran. Water-soluble ions, metal(loid)s, PAHs, and OP were measured using ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and dithiothreitol (DTT) assay respectively. The results showed that the average concentrations of ambient PM
10
were 284 ± 90.4 and 123 ± 31.4 μg m
−3
on dusty and regular days in urban areas respectively, and were 258 ± 48.3 and 124 ± 41.4 μg m
−3
on dusty and regular days in rural areas, respectively; these values were 95% above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline level. The crustal elements Na
+
, Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
, Al, Si, Fe and Ti were the dominant for PM
10
on dusty days, and NO
−
3
and SO
4
2−
were dominant for PM
10
on regular days. The average ± SD concentrations of total PAHs were 34.3 ± 22.5 and 55.1 ± 28.3 ng m
−3
on dusty and regular days, respectively, with the maximum value occurring on inversion days. The average OP was 8.90 ± 7.15 and 1.41 ± 0.35 and was 11.4 ± 3.97 and 19.9 ± 8.67 (nmol min
−1
μg PM
10
−1
) for water and methanol extracts on dusty and regular days, respectively, with the lowest value occurring on dusty days. The OP was highly associated with Cu and Mn. Briefly; the results of this study demonstrate that OP is mass independent and consequence a promising proxy for PM mass.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s40201-018-0303-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Background and objectivesHeavy metals are considered as one of the major contaminants that can enter into the bottled waters. Antimony (Sb) is a contaminant, which may leach from the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into the water. The aim of this study was to investigate the content of antimony and other trace elements in bottled waters which was kept in varied storage conditions and temperatures.Materials and methodsFive time-temperature treatments were carried out on five different brands of commercially available bottled waters. Heavy metal measurement was performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) method. Analysis of the collected data was processed by SPSS software.ResultsAntimony concentration was the main concern in our study. The concentrations increased in each of the sample during storage period at all temperatures. The results for different conditions were as follow: at 40°C, in outdoor and at room temperature the Sb concentrations were below the MCLs, i e. 6 ppb. However, at 65°C and 80°C for longer storage times Sb concentration exceeded the MCLs, and variations between the samples were significant (p ≤ 0.05). Storage time and temperature effects on the content of some other trace elements such as Al, Fe were also significant (p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionBy increasing the duration of storage time and temperatures, antimony leaching from the PET bottles into the bottled water increased. The concentration of Al demonstrated an increase in higher temperatures and storage duration, whereas the content of Fe demonstrated no significant differences.
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