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Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer can increase treatment options and patients' survivability. Mammography is the gold standard for breast imaging and cancer detection. However, due to some limitations of this modality such as low sensitivity especially in dense breasts, other modalities like ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are often suggested to achieve additional information. Recently, computer-aided detection or diagnosis (CAD) systems have been developed to help radiologists in order to increase diagnosis accuracy. Generally, a CAD system consists of four stages: (a) preprocessing, (b) segmentation of regions of interest, (c) feature extraction and selection, and finally (d) classification. This paper presents the approaches which are applied to develop CAD systems on mammography and ultrasound images. The performance evaluation metrics of CAD systems are also reviewed.

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Human activity recognition (HAR) has been of interest in recent years due to the growing demands in many areas. Applications of HAR include healthcare systems to monitor activities of daily living (ADL) (primarily due to the rapidly growing population of the elderly), security environments for automatic recognition of abnormal activities to notify the relevant authorities, and improve human interaction with the computer. HAR research can be classified according to the data acquisition tools (sensors or cameras), methods (handcrafted methods or deep learning methods), and the complexity of the activity. In the healthcare system, HAR based on wearable sensors is a new technology that consists of three essential parts worth examining: the location of the wearable sensor, data preprocessing (feature calculation, extraction, and selection), and the recognition methods. This survey aims to examine all aspects of HAR based on wearable sensors, thus analyzing the applications, challenges, datasets, approaches, and components. It also provides coherent categorizations, purposeful comparisons, and systematic architecture. Then, this paper performs qualitative evaluations by criteria considered in this system on the approaches and makes available comprehensive reviews of the HAR system. Therefore, this survey is more extensive and coherent than recent surveys in this field.

Computed tomography laser mammography (Eid et al. Egyp J Radiol Nucl Med, 37(1): p. 633-643, 1) is a non-invasive imaging modality for breast cancer diagnosis, which is time-consuming and challenging for the radiologist to interpret the images. Some issues have increased the missed diagnosis of radiologists in visual manner assessment in CTLM images, such as technical reasons which are related to imaging quality and human error due to the structural complexity in appearance. The purpose of this study is to develop a computer-aided diagnosis framework to enhance the performance of radiologist in the interpretation of CTLM images. The proposed CAD system contains three main stages including segmentation of volume of interest (VOI), feature extraction and classification. A 3D Fuzzy segmentation technique has been implemented to extract the VOI. The shape and texture of angiogenesis in CTLM images are significant characteristics to differentiate malignancy or benign lesions. The 3D compactness features and 3D Grey Level Co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) have been extracted from VOIs. Multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) pattern recognition has developed for classification of the normal and abnormal lesion in CTLM images. The performance of the proposed CAD system has been measured with different metrics including accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity and area under receiver operative characteristics (AROC), which are 95.2, 92.4, 98.1, and 0.98%, respectively.