The characteristic of population Т-lymphocytes is presented. The variety of effects of these cells is connected with presence of many subpopulations which name small subpopulations helper T-lymphocytes: Тh1, Тh2, Тh3, Тh9, Тh17, Тh22. Mechanisms of activation of these cells and their role in development of mechanisms of the adaptive immune answer, and also possible variants of development of immune dysfunctions and an immune pathology are described. However, the leading part is allocated to the characteristic regulatory T-lymphocytes. From all subpopulations regulatory lymphocytes subpopulation CD4+CD25+high-Т-lymphocytes. Regulatory function autoimmunity а from these cells is most well investigated is shown already at early age. Given subpopulЫation Т-lymphocytes is capable to render suppressor influence on various types immunocompetent the cells providing functioning both congenital, and got immunity. Very important role in functioning CD4+CD25+high-Т-lymphocytes belongs transcriptional to factor FoxP3. It is established, that FoxP3 renders negative effect on activation of T-cells, possibly, owing to oppression efferent functions interleukin 2. Suppressor the effect of these cells is not limited to the T-cells specific to self-antigens. Their influence extends on all microenvironment lymphocytes. Regulatory function CD4+CD25+high-Т-lymphocytes is carried out by means of rendering cytotoxic effect on a cell-target by means of perforins, granzyme A and CD18 without participation of a Fas-receptor. CD4+CD25+high-Т-lymphocytes can render suppressor effect through production transforming growth the factor and expression him on a membrane of a cell. Except for these cells are described Тh3-lymphocytes and inducible regulatory cells. Effects which they cause, are connected with production transforming growth the factor, interleukins 4 and 10. The given biological functions lead to oppression of production of antibodies plasmacytes and modulate presenter activity of macrophages and dendritic cells.
Objects and modern methods of genome editing are considered. The immune system of prokaryote and their protective mechanisms that prevent the purposeful editing of the genome for the benefit of the researcher is characterized. This mechanism in prokaryotes are cluster regulatory interspatial short palindrome repetitions. The number of such repetitions varies from object to object, which ultimately makes it impossible to get the perfect standard model. Three types of such systems that have their own mechanism for generating proteins have now been identified. The proteins, which are now most commonly used to edit the genome and identify areas of proto-special adjacent motifs, are described. Detailed characteristics of the organization of the immune system prokaryote and phases of its activity are given. Three types of short-palin re-recurrence systems have now been identified, and the teams are being identified as cluster regulatory interspatial short palindrome repetitions-Cas9. Each system uses its own mechanism to generate proteins that catalyze the fission of nucleic acids. The type II cluster regulatory interspatial short palindrome repetitions system is most commonly used, better adapted to edit the genome because of its simplicity. It has been established that the cluster regulatory interspatial short palindrome repetitions-Cas9 system can be used for point editing of the genome and in eukaryotes. This is done either through non-homological annexation of the end, or by homologically directed reparation. A promising variant of genetic modeling is the use of the enzyme-endonuclease Cpf1, which is the effector protein of the cluster regulatory interspatial short palindrome repetitions-Cas V type systems. Cpf1 is smaller than the enzyme protein Cas9 and for the system to function only require specers of ribonucleic acid, without additional ribonucleic acid. Unlike Cas9, which cuts both chains of deoxyribonucleic acid in the same place, Cpf1 generates an incision, creating ticky ends that can be used to insert interesting sequences by complementing and ligation. It is likely that the system using the enzyme-endonuclease Cpf1 will be more convenient than the system where the protein is used Cas9, as the range of editing of the controlled genome of ribonucleic acid is expanded to make the necessary edits.
The main biological characteristics of Coronaviridae viruses, including viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, are presented. The features of immunopathogenesis associated with these infections and their differences from the infection 2019-2020 are analyzed. It is believed that the modern incidence of upper respiratory tract in adults, associated with coronaviruses, is between 10 and 30%. Coronaviruses are ecologically diverse, with the greatest diversity in bats, suggesting that they are the main reservoirs of coronaviruses. Research into the genome of the new coronavirus - 2019-nCoV has shown that it has about 80% nucleotide identity with original viruses of severe acute respiratory syndrome and the ability to bind to angiosine-transforming receptors еnzyme 2. This, along with the high genetic proximity of coronaviruses, indicates their overall origin and overall probable source. However, the receptors of the angiosin-transforming enzyme 2 are the key that gives access to the cell even with low infecting activity. It has been shown that the main diagnostic methods to increase the specificity of detection of a new coronavirus should be variants of polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. However, there is still a lot of unknown related to the life of the 2019-nCoV virus. There is a clear identification and comparison of the genomes of the virus in different countries. Identify those genetic inserts that allow the virus to escape from the control of the immune system and turn into a hypervirulent strain. Proving or disprove the possibility of the 2019-nCoV virus is altering its genetic and antigenic potential in different animal species and becoming a new type of virus.
The current epidemiological characteristics of pathogens of especially dangerous infections abroad and in the Russian Federation are given. The biology of the causative agents of hemorrhagic fevers, as well as their species and subspecies, is especially reflected. The biology and epidemiology of the most common causative agents of hemorrhagic fevers are described in more detail: Dengue, Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Machupo (Bolivian), Hanin (Argentinean) fever, Rift Valley fever, Omsk, Congo-Crimean, and renal fever their intermediate hosts - mosquitoes and ticks, the options for getting these pathogens into the human body. The most severe and widespread human infections, caused by alpha viruses and flaviviruses, the most severe epidemics in various countries are characterized. The modern systematics and immunopathogenesis of the causative agents of these infections, the features of virological and immunological diagnostics using both classical and modern techniques are presented. The new pathogens of hemorrhagic fevers, which have been fatal in recent years, are described. Given the current tense situation associated with the causative agents of hemorrhagic fevers, measures are proposed that are aimed at preventing the entry of pathogens into the Russian Federation, as well as the algorithm of actions of employees of medical institutions when patients with suspected infection associated with causative agents of especially dangerous infections are admitted.
Abstract. Despite great advances in the biology of stem cells, there are still many dark spots. Genetic modification techniques, which can be used to track the lines of different cells, primarily stem cells, help to solve this problem. Various methods of biotechnology research are considered, allowing to evaluate the options of introducing new genes into cells and even whole organisms, as well as methods of controlling their expression in time and space, their activation, differentiation and decrease in functional activity, expression of several target genes. Options with multi-cystron vectors encoding several proteins are described. Options for introducing genes using plasmids, electroportation of their disadvantages and advantages are characterized. The most promising and the safest is a retroviral vector using lentivirus vectors capable of generating additional copies of itself, which is very important in the field of biotechnology security. A line of packing cells, usually 293T cells, is used to produce a viral vector. Prospects for the use of adenovirus and adenoassociated vectors are characterized. The achievement of modern biotechnology methods is the system of short palindrome repetitions located in groups, which is a unique tool for genome editing. At the heart of this system is the process of cutting out sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid, which are permanent and which are supported by cells regardless of subsequent divisions or changes in condition. The system allows geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or modifying successive sites of deoxyribonucleic acid. An important problem with biotechnology methods is how to control the expression of transgenes. Today, it is quite effective to control expression with a factor present in the gene delivery vector itself and which is only active in a certain type of cell. Endonuclease bacteriophage P1 is used to regulate transgene expression, which cuts deoxyribonucleic acid only at specific sites. This system is introduced in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems.
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