The numbers of ψ(3686) events accumulated by the BESIII detector for the data taken during 2009 and 2012 are determined to be (107.0±0.8)×10 6 and (341.1±2.1)×10 6 , respectively, by counting inclusive hadronic events, where the uncertainties are systematic and the statistical uncertainties are negligible. The number of events for the sample taken in 2009 is consistent with that of the previous measurement. The total number of ψ(3686) events for the two data taking periods is (448.1±2.9)×10 6 .

Abstract. In conjunction with hosting the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the municipal government implemented a series of stringent air quality control measures. To assess the impacts on variation of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), the whole air was sampled by canisters at one urban site and two suburban sites in Beijing, and 55 NMHC species were quantified by gas chromatography equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a flame ionization detector (GC/MSD/FID) as parts of the field Campaign for the Beijing Olympic Games Air Quality program (CareBeijing). According to the control measures, the data were presented according to four periods: 18-30 June, 8-19 July, 15-24 August (during the Olympic Games), and 6-15 September (during the Paralympic Games). Compared with the levels in June, the mixing ratios of NMHCs obtained in the Olympic and Paralympic Games periods were reduced by 35% and 25%, respectively. Source contributions were calculated using a chemical mass balance model (CMB 8.2). After implementing the control measures, emissions from target sources were obviously reduced, and reductions in vehicle exhaust could explain 48-82% of the reductions of ambient NMHCs. Reductions in emissions from gasoline evaporation, paint and solvent use, and the chemical industry contributed 9-40%, 3-24%, and 1-5%, respectively, to reductions of ambient NMHCs. Sources of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and biogenic emissions were not controlled, and contributions from these sources from July to September were stable or even higher than in June. Ozone formation potentials (OFPs) were calculated for the measured NMHCs. The total OFPs during the Olympic and Paralympic Games were reduced by 48% and 32%, respectively, compared with values in June. Reductions in the OFPs of alkenes and aromatics explained 77-92% of total OFP reductions. The alkenes andCorrespondence to: M. Shao (mshao@pku.edu.cn) aromatics were mainly from vehicle exhausts, and reductions of vehicle exhaust gases explained 67-87% of reductions in alkenes and 38-80% of reductions in aromatics. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the air quality control measures enacted for the 2008 Olympics and indicate that controlling vehicular emissions could be the most important measure to improve air quality in Beijing.

Abstract. Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) play a critical role in the photochemical production of ozone (O3) and organic aerosols. Obtaining an accurate understanding on temporal trends of NMHC emissions is essential for predicting air quality changes and evaluating the effectiveness of current control measures. In this study, we evaluated temporal trends of anthropogenic NMHC emissions during August in Beijing based on ambient measurements during selected summer periods at an urban site in Beijing from 2002 to 2013. In the contrast to the results from the most recent inventory (Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China, MEIC), which reported that anthropogenic NMHC emissions during August increased by 28% from 2004 to 2012, whereas mixing ratios of NMHCs measured at this urban site decreased by 37% during the same time period. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to these NMHC measurements for source apportionment. The results showed that the relative contributions of vehicular exhaust and gasoline evaporation to measured NMHC concentrations decreased by 66% during August from 2004 to 2012, comparable to the relative decline of 67% for transportation-related NMHC emissions reported by the MEIC inventory. This finding indicates that the implementation of stricter emissions standards for new vehicles and specific control measures for in-use vehicles has been effective for reducing transportation-related NMHC emissions. In addition, the PMF results suggested that there were no significant temporal changes in NMHC concentrations from solvent use and industry during August from 2004 to 2012, in contrast with the rapid rate of increase (8.8% yr−1) reported by the MEIC inventory. To re-evaluate the NMHC emissions trends for solvent use and industry, annual variations in NMHC / NOx ratios were compared between ambient measurements at the PKU site and the MEIC inventory. In contrast to the significant rise in NMHC / NOx ratios from the MEIC inventory, the measured NMHC / NOx ratios declined by 14% during August from 2005 to 2012. The inferred NMHC / NOx ratios based on PMF results exhibited a comparable decline of 11% to measured ratios. These results indicate that the increase rate for NMHC emissions from solvent use and industry in Beijing might be overestimated in the current inventory; therefore, additional research is necessary to verify the NMHC emission trends for this source.

The ecNOS a allele in intron 4 may be an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke in the Chinese population studied, especially in those lacking other conventional risk factors.

This study investigates the diluent-dependent diffusion flames of an axisymmetric methane jet in annular hot coflow (JHC) of oxidizer diluted by “inert” N2, CO2, and H2O, respectively. The fuel jet issues at an exit Reynolds number of ≈10 000, while the hot (1300 K) coflow oxygen level (molar fraction) varies between 6 and 23%. To identify the chemical and physical factors, simulations of the diffusion flames diluted by fictitious gases XH2O and XCO2 are also conducted. Inspections and analyses to combustion radicals and heat release rates are made on the stoichiometric sheet. Results show that the stoichiometric length, temperature, and volumetric heat release rate vary drastically with coflow oxygen level or dilution extent. The flame volume increases greatly when replacing the diluent N2 with CO2 but reduces substantially under the H2O dilution. Such discrepancies are found to stem mainly from specific physical properties of N2, CO2, and H2O. The CO2 and H2O dilutions show more chemical impact on the formations of key intermediate species. Besides, the dilution by CO2 weakens all the main reactions, thus producing the mildest flame, whereas that by H2O promotes the formations of radicals OH and H2, enhancing the heat release rate. Last, the global heat contributions of C-included and C-excluded (H2–O2) reactions are examined so as to understand the roles of the H2–O2 kinetics in oxy-combustion.

In this paper, we first prove the metric approximation property for weighted mixed-norm L (p 1 ,...,pn) w spaces. Using Gabor frame representation, this implies that the same property holds in weighted modulation and Wiener amalgam spaces. As a consequence, Grothendieck's theory becomes applicable, and we give criteria for nuclearity and r-nuclearity for operators acting on these spaces as well as derive the corresponding trace formulae. Finally, we apply the notion of nuclearity to functions of the harmonic oscillator on modulation spaces.

Two new arylbenzofurans, hedysarimbenzofuran A (1) and hedysarimbenzofuran B (2), were isolated from the roots of Hedysarum multijugum. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods.

Two new saponins have been isolated from the stem barks of Albizzia julibrissin Durazz, and their structures identified as 3-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-fucopyranosyl-(1 --> 6)-beta-D-2-deoxy-2-acetoamidoglucopyranosyl]-21-O-{(6S)-2-trans-2-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-6-O-[4-O-((6S)-2-trans-2-hydroxymethyl-6-hydroxy-6-methyl-2,7-octadienoyl)-beta-D-quinovopyranosyl]-2,7-octadienoyl}-acacic acid-28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-[alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1 --> 4)]-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1) and 3-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-fucopyranosyl-(1 --> 6)-beta-D-2-deoxy-2-acetoamidoglucopyranosyl]-21-O-{(6S)-2-trans-2-hydroxymethyl-6-methyl-6-O-[3-O-((6S)-2-trans-2-hydroxymethyl-6-hydroxy-6-methyl-2,7-octadienoyl)-beta-D-quinovopyranosyl]-2,7-octadienoyl}acacic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-[alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1 --> 4)]-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (2), based on chemical and spectral evidences, named as julibroside J19 and julibroside J18, respectively. Both compounds show significant inhibition action against HeLa, Bel-7402 and MDA-MB-435 cancer cell lines in vitro.