In this paper, bulk-quantity tin-doped indium oxide nanowires were successfully synthesized by direct thermal evaporation of a mixture of In and SnO powders in air at 920°C. Such nanowires have a uniform shape and single crystalline cubic bixbite structure, with the diameters varying from 100 to 200 nm and lengths in the range of tens to hundreds of micrometres. The growth process of these ternary oxide nanowires can be interpreted by a self-catalytic vapour–liquid–solid growth mechanism. This approach to synthesizing ternary oxides should be readily extensible to preparing other multinary oxide nanowires, such as Cd2SnO4, Zn–Sn–In–O, Ga–In–Sn–O, Cd–In–Sn–O and Zn–Sn–Cd–O nanowires or nanobelts.
By injecting normal temperature air into a coal-fired boiler furnace at an evaporation capacity of 2 ton/h, flameless combustion with little noise is achieved. Numerical simulations and experimental research shows that the combustion takes place in a wide and broad area, almost the whole furnace, resulting in a voluminal reaction. For this normal temperature air flameless combustion (NTAFC), when the excess air coefficient approaches 1, the fuel combusts fully. The concentrations of NOx and CO in flue gas are relatively low and are hardly affected by either an excess air coefficient or thermal load. In front of the jet is a low-temperature gas-mixing zone whose diameter is equivalent to that of the jet, and the temperature of this zone increases with the distance from the jet tip. A mild stable combustion reaction without a visible flame takes place in the part of the furnace where the temperature value is higher and the amplitude of variation is not large. In addition to the advantages shared with high-temperature air combustion (e.g. uniform temperature distribution, low NOx and CO emission, high combustion efficiency, and so on), NTAFC does not require a high-temperature air-preheating system and is easier to actualize.
Behavior of the bacterial flagellar motor depends sensitively on the external loads it drives. Motor switching, which provides the basis for the run-and-tumble behavior of flagellated bacteria, has been studied for motors under zero to high loads, revealing a non-equilibrium effect that is proportional to the motor torque. However, behavior of the motor switching at stall (with maximum torque) remains unclear. An extrapolation from previous studies would suggest maximum non-equilibrium effect for motor switching at stall. Here, we stalled the motor using optical tweezers and studied the motor switching with a high time resolution of about 2 ms. Surprisingly, our results showed exponentially distributed counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) intervals, indicating that motor switching at stall is an equilibrium process. Combined with previous experiments at other loads, our result suggested that the non-equilibrium effect in motor switching arises from the asymmetry of the torque generation in the CCW and CW directions. By including this non-equilibrium effect in the general Ising-type conformation spread model of the flagellar switch, we consistently explained the motor switching over the whole range of load conditions.
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