While additional evidence is required to define optimal conditions for ITT cryopreservation with a view to transplantation or IVM, the putative indications for such techniques, as well as their limitations according to disease, are outlined.

BACKGROUND Since prepubertal boys cannot benefit from sperm banking, a potential alternative strategy for fertility preservation involves immature testicular tissue (ITT) banking aimed at preservation of spermatogonial stem cells. Survival of spermatogonia has been demonstrated after ITT freezing, which is considered ethically acceptable. We report the results of a pilot program set up for fertility preservation in prepubertal boys. METHODS All boys undergoing ITT cryobanking from May 2005 were identified from our clinical register. Data were collected from medical files. RESULTS Testicular tissue was retrieved from 52 prepubertal patients under 12 years of age and 10 peripubertal patients aged between 12 and 16 years, in whom no spermatozoa were identified in testicular biopsies. Malignant disease accounted for 80.6% of cases; the remaining patients suffered from benign disorders requiring gonadotoxic treatments. Mean ages, Tanner stages and occurrence rates of urogenital pathology were 6.43 ± 3.32 and 14 ± 1.23 years, I and I-IV, and 13.5 and 20% for pre- and peripubertal patients, respectively. Mean volumes of removed tissue were 20.1 ± 8.6 and 42.4 ± 15.6 mm(3) for pre- and peripubertal patients, respectively. No complications occurred during or after tissue retrieval and 93.5% of referred patients accepted ITT storage. The presence of spermatogonia, and thus the potential for later tissue use, was established in all of these patients. CONCLUSIONS The majority of cryopreserved samples showed reproductive potential. Storage was accepted by most parents. All parents and children considered this fertility preservation strategy a positive approach.

Ten male subjects affected by sickle cell anemia (SCA) were studied to evaluate the long-term effects of therapies on their fertility. Their ages ranged from 18 to 34 years (median: 32 years). Four subjects were treated by hydroxyurea (HU) and 6 by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The median follow-up after HU initiation and HSCT was 10.5 years (range: 8-15 years) and 15.5 years (range: 8-21 years), respectively. Three of the 6 in the HSCT group and two of the 4 in the HU group were azoospermic. One HSCT subject had normal semen and hormone variables, showing that normal fertility can occasionally be expected after transplantation in SCA. The remaining 4 patients (2 HSCT and 2 HU) were oligozoospermic. With regard to HU, semen impairment appears to be related to the duration of treatment. To draw general conclusions, further research with a large number of patients treated since childhood with HU or HSCT is warranted.

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of IVF and ICSI in idiopathic infertility. Design: Prospective randomized study. Setting: University Hospital. Patients: From 1999 to 2001, 60 patients were randomly allocated to Group I (IVF-ICSI split insemination) or Group II (conventional insemination). Results: Unexplained infertility is defined as failing to establish a pregnancy despite no cause of infertility being identified. IVF has been proposed as one of the therapeutic approaches to improve fertility. Stimulation parameters were not significantly different in the two groups. The fertilization failure rate after normal insemination was respectively 13.3% and 16.6% in Groups I and II. The pregnancy rate per transfer was respectively 50% and 36.7% in Groups I and II. After two attempts, the cumulative pregnancy rate was 60% and 50% respectively in Groups I and II. Conclusion: No statistical difference was observed between the two groups in this small series, suggesting that the systematic use of ICSI (or ICSI/IVF split) during the first attempt does not benefit couples with unexplained infertility.

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-Energy value of potato by-products in ruminant. A digestibility measurement aiming at determining the energetic values of the three most important by-products of the potato industry was performed in sheep maintained on metabolic pens under standard conditions. The "mash-peel", a starch rich by-product resulting from a deep peeling of the tubers was compared to the "screening" (uncooked fault cuttings) and to the "proteopulp" (starch potato pulp supplemented with protein). All by-products were characterized by a digestibility of the organic matter higher than 80%. The same was true for the digestibility of the crude energy, except for the "proteopulp" where the value was slightly lower than 80%. The digestibility of the crude protein and of the crude fiber showed more important differences between the by-products. In particular, the crude protein was weakly digestible in the "screening" (26%) whereas the crude fiber was highly digestible in the "proteopulp" (80%). The net energetic values of the "mash-peel" and of the "screening" were close to 1.10 UFL and 1.05 UFV whereas for the "proteopulp", they were of 0.96 UFL and 0.94 UFV.

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