A b s t r a c t. The paper presents an attempt to assess the reaction of seeds to mechanical loads taking into account their geometry expressed as seed thickness and 1000 seed weight. The initial material comprised 33 genotypes of grain legume plants and included cultivars registered in the country and breeding lines that are subject to pre-registration trials. The analysis of variance revealed significant diversity of the cultivars and lines of the species studied in terms of each of the analysed trait. The highest weight of 1000 seeds were obtained for white lupine seeds and peas, the lowest for andean lupine seeds. The maximum deformation and energy were obtained for white lupine seeds, the lowest for pea seeds, the maximum force and module the lowest values were determined for narrow-leafed lupine and pea. The highest values of protein were obtained for andean and yellow lupine, a fat content for andean and white lupine. The fatty acid profile as much as 70% or more were linoleic and oleic acids. Against the background of all the species are distinguished by white lupine seeds with a high content of oleic acid and the lowest of linoleic acid, for yellow lupine were obtained the inverse ratio of the two acids.
The attempt was made to estimate the mechanical loads on seeds, taking into account their geometric properties and chemical composition. Material chosen for the study comprised 46 samples of common vetch representing collection accessions originated from Europe. Additionally, accessions of other legume species were involved. The study included determinations of seed thickness and weight of 1,000 seeds (TSW) followed by static loading tests. Moisture content of the seeds did not exceed 10 %, and TSW of vetch determined at that moisture was from 19.7 g for small seeded Polish lines VSAT 42 to 73 g for VSAT 24 obtained from Slovakia. Seed thickness value ranged for common vetch accessions from 2.5 to 4.4 mm and for the rest of species from 2.6 mm for lentil to 7.2 mm for chickpea. Apart from the obvious accessions-related differences among various seeds in terms of TSW and seed thickness, the study revealed a wide range of differentiation in the resistance of seeds to static loading expressed by: maximum load, deflation at max. load stress at max. load and work to max. load. Obtained result allowed to select vetch accessions with a high resistance of seed to static loading. Fat content is low at the level of pea, grass pea and lentil as compared with high values of Andean lupin species and white lupin. Fatty acids composition of vetch is different in comparison with remaining species characterized by lowest content of monounsaturated oleic acid (29 %) and relatively high content of polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids (respectively 44 and 11.7 %).
The relationship between the airflow resistance of granular material and airflow velocity is usually presented in the form of equations or tables (Brooker et al. 1992). Usually, assumptions are made that airflow resistance is constant in the volume of the material and is independent of the packing structure. Numerous investigations performed recently have shown that such an assumption is not always true. In practice, local changes of the airflow resistance in various areas of grain bulk may cause serious disturbances in processes involving the flow of gases such as aeration, drying, fumigation, or cooling. According to Navarro and Noyes (2002) the values of airflow resistance calculated by means of the proposed equations or taken from tables correspond to clean, loosely packed grain and apply to vertical direction of airflow and, in consequence, are usually lower than in practical conditions. These authors pointed out that the efficiency of the aeration systems depends to a large extent on a uniform distribution of the airflow within the volume of grain.Early experiments studied the influence of the bulk density (related to porosity) on airflow resistance. Calderwood (1973) in his experiments with rice of different varieties stated that the bulk density modified the airflow resistance in an essential way. Stephens and Foster (1976) conducted their project with corn in a commercial grain silo and found that the use of a grain spreader resulted in threefold increase of airflow resistance. The same authors performed a similar project with wheat and grain sorghum (Stephens & Foster 1978) and reported that the use of a spreader resulted in an increase in airflow resistance to 110% in sorghum, while in the case of wheat airflow resistance increased to 101%. The authors explained the observed effect by the difference in the fine content that was from 1.5 to 2% in the case of sorghum and 0.2% in that of wheat. In the grain bulk containing a higher amount of fines, these filled pores and caused an increase in airflow resistance.The results of later experiments showed that airflow resistance depended also on the airflow direction. Kumar and Muir (1986) in their tests with wheat and barley stated that with the airflow velocity of 0.077 m/s, the airflow resistance in vertical direction was by as much as 60% higher than that in horizontal direction. Hood and Thorpe (1992) Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USAAbstract: A study was conducted to estimate the degree of variability of the airflow resistance in wheat caused by the filling method, compaction of the sample, and airflow direction. Two types of grain chambers were used: a cylindrical column 0.95 m high and 0.196 m in diameter, and a cubical box of 0.35 m side. All factors examined were found to influence considerably the airflow resistance. Gravitational axial filling of the grain column from three heights (0.0, 0.95 and 1.8 m) resulted in the pressure drops of 1.0, 1.3, and 1.5 kPa at the airflow velocity of 0....
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