We found that NICU-treated VLBW infants had low radiation exposure compared with the annual NBR.

RARE-MR-urography (Rapid Acquisition with Relaxation Enhancement) is a fast MR imaging technique (6.4 s/acquisition) that selectively depicts fluid by heavy T2-weighting. From 9/1989 to 11/1990, RARE-MR urograms were prospectively evaluated in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract abnormalities in 55 children. The method is performed in several planes and combined with a coronal, T1-weighted spin-echo sequence. Forty out of 42 kidneys with dilated renal pelvis, and 21 out of 24 dilated ureters were identified, only the mildly dilated ones were missed. Even in non-functioning kidneys the urinary tract was clearly depicted by RARE-MR-urography. However, no differentiation could be made with this technique between vesicoureteral reflux and non-refluxing dilatation of ureter and/or renal pelvis. All 19 pelviureteric obstructions and all eight renal duplications with a dilated segment were identified. RARE-MR-urography is a new tool for diagnosing urinary tract abnormalities in children without having to employ ionizing radiation, contrast media, or general anesthesia. A dilated urinary tract can be shown in one image displaying the entire urinary system, similar to excretory urography. The technique is presently not able to provide the information of voiding cystourethrography or renal scintigraphy, nor is it as easy to perform as ultrasound. However, in certain cases it may replace excretory urography.

Image quality of a:Si flat panel digital radiography proved to be superior to a:Se drum digital radiography using low-dose settings. If the primary target is dose reduction indirect flat panel technology should be used.

We report a 15-year-old boy with patent ductus venosus in whom the diagnosis was made by MR angiography. A patent ductus venosus Arantii is a rare form of portosystemic shunt. Only a few cases have been reported in adults and children. The diagnosis is usually made by US and digital subtraction angiography. In our patient, the diagnosis was first made by MR angiography. This demonstrates the excellent diagnostic potential of the method in paediatric patients.

We report the case of a 27-year-old pregnant woman in whom isolated mild fetal cardiomegaly, diagnosed prenatally on sonographic examination at 22 weeks' menstrual age, was the first sign of development of an arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen. The arteriovenous malformation was visualized on sonographic examination at 29 weeks' menstrual age; prenatal MRI at 32 weeks confirmed the diagnosis. At 34 weeks' menstrual age, repeat sonographic examination demonstrated polyhydramnios, cardiomegaly, and generalized hydrops with ascites and pleural effusion. After vaginal delivery, the male neonate died of respiratory distress. We present the findings of prenatal gray-scale, color Doppler, and power Doppler sonography; MRI; and postmortem examination.

Aim Development of a fully evidence-based guideline including all aspects of child abuse. Methods In a case-based procedure, 144 primary PICO questions were generated from 476 presented cases of child abuse. Literature research was performed in 5 databases (Pubmed, CINHAL, Embase, PsycInfo, Eric) and in the Cochrane Library. The literature was evaluated according to SIGN and AGREE II. Results 137 recommendations were developed. Those related to imaging procedures are presented and discussed in this article. Conclusion The first fully evidence-based German guideline concerning all aspects of child abuse has been established. For imaging, several relevant new approaches have been proposed. Key Points:  Citation Format

The purpose of these guidelines is to offer the nuclear medicine and the appropriate interdisciplinary team a framework for performing and reporting positron emission tomography (PET) and the combination with computed tomography (PET/CT) in children with malignant diseases mainly using the radiopharmaceutical 18F-fluorodeoxy-glucose (FDG). These guidelines are based on the recent guidelines of the Paediatric Committee of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) (57) and have been translated and adapted to the current conditions in Germany. The adaptation of CT-parameters using PET/CT in children is covered in a more detailed way than in the EANM guideline taking into account that in Germany already a good portion of PET examinations is performed using an integrated PET/CT-scanner. Furthermore, a CT-scan without adoption of the CT acquisition parameters would result in a not tolerably high radiation exposition of the child. There are excellent guidelines for FDG PET and PET/CT in oncology published by the German Society of Nuclear Medicine (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin, DGN) (42) and EANM (4). These guidelines aim at providing additional information on issues particularly relevant to PET and PET/CT imaging in children. These guidelines should be taken in the context of local and national current standards of quality and rules.

Image quality of a:Si flat panel digital radiography proved to be superior to a:Se drum digital radiography using low-dose settings. If the primary target is dose reduction indirect flat panel technology should be used.