SummaryHormones that antagonize insulin action do so in part by modulating insulin receptor characteristics. In adult tissues, gluWe investigated the of and gluco-coco~icoids reduce insulin receptor number, affinity or both (8). corticoid treatment on the in utero and postnatal maturation of The thyroidal status modulates insulin action (4), as well as insulin insulin receptors on partially purified liver plasma membranes of receptor number on adipocytes Hypothyroidism in utero the rabbit. ~reatment of pregnant with propylthiOuracil modifies the postnatal maturation of beta adrenergic receptors (PTU) 200 mg/day plus thyroxine (T4) 20 pg on alternate days (31) but the effects of hypothyroidism or glucocorticoids on the resulted in but not because PTU development of fetal/neonatal insulin receptors are not known. crosses the placenta whereas T4 does not (fetal free T4 undetect-Because insulin influences the growth and maturation of fetal able compared to control of 0.21 + 0.012 %/dl; mean + S.E.1. At enzymes and tissues (26) pressed fetal corticosterone concentration at day 28 of gestation from 10.5 + 1.5 ng/ml (mean + S.E.) in controls to 2.1 + 0.28 ng/ MATERIALS AND METHODS ml ( P < 0.01); insulin binding and rkceptor number was -50%if controls ( P < 0.01).Using the two-site receptor model, the decrease in receptor number induced by hypothyroidism and glucocorticoids was due solely to reduction in the number of low-affinity sites without any change in the high affinity sites or affinity constants of either receptor class. Ongoing treatment with PTU for 6 postnatal days produced persistant hypothyroidism (free T4 0.15 + 0.1 ng/dl versus control 0.73 + 0.1 ng/dl, P < 0.01) physical signs of immaturity, and prevented the normal postnatal maturation of insulin receptor characteristics. Insulin binding was reduced ( P < 0.02) and the proportion of high and low affinity receptor sites remained similar to those of 28-day-old fetuses. In contrast, normal maturational changes in insulin receptor characteristics were evident on day 6 in the liver membranes of animals simultaneously receiving PTU and replacement T4 (free T4 0.63 + 0.17 versus control 0.73 + 0.1 &dl). Thus, the normal pattern of hepatic insulin receptor development can be modulated by hypothyroidism and glucocorticoid exposure.Fetal study. Pregnant New Zealand rabbits of known gestation (term -3 1 days) were randomly assigned to one of three groups. A control group of animals (N = 4) were given an injection of normal saline of 0.1 ml on day 25 and 26 of gestation. They were allowed standard diet and drinking water ad libitum. In a second group of animals (N = 6), the fetuses were rendered hypothyroid by treating the mothers with both propylthiouracil (PTU) and thyroxine (T4). PTU was added to the drinking water at a final concentration of 0.05%; animals consumed approximately 400 ml a day so that their total daily PTU dose was approximately 200 mg. In addition, the mothers also received T4 replacement at a dose of 5 pg/100 cc of drinking water every other d...
In rabbit liver plasma membranes (LPM), specific binding of 125I-insulin rapidly increased in late gestation and peaked at birth, declining thereafter. In contrast, 125I-glucagon binding was lowest in late gestation, somewhat higher at birth, and increased by 48 h although only to 20-25% of adult. These changes in binding were due to changing numbers of receptors involving predominantly high affinity sites for insulin and low affinity sites for glucagon, with only minor changes in affinity. Despite measurable glucagon receptors by birth, fetal LPM produced no increment above basal in cAMP production with maximal doses of glucagon (10(-6) M), prostaglandin E1 (10(-4) M), or epinephrine (10(-4) M). Near birth only NaF (10 mM) produced a modest but significant increment in cAMP. By 2 h postbirth, all stimuli evoked significant increments in cAMP production that increased progressively but was still only 15-20% of adult at 48 h. Furthermore, although specific binding of cholera toxin was greater in fetal LPM (11 +/- 1 vs. 6 +/- 1%), cholera toxin-stimulated cAMP production increased by only 12-26% above basal in the fetus compared with 220% in adult. Markers of membrane purity including 5'-nucleotidase, phosphodiesterase, and insulin or glucagon degradation were not different in fetus and adult. We conclude that receptors and components of the adenylate cyclase complex mature independently; initial coupling occurs between the G/F regulatory protein and the catalytic unit (NaF but not hormonal activation) followed within hours of birth by coupling to the hormone receptor.
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