SignificanceOur study adds new dimensions to the repertoire of functions that Y-heterochromatin has with respect to autosomal gene regulation in male fertility. We describe a novel sex and species-specific ncRNA, Pirmy, transcribed from mouse Y-chromosome, with unprecedented alternative splicing. Mice with deletions of Y-long arm (Yq) were reported to exhibit differential sterility and sperm abnormalities. We identify sperm proteins that are deregulated in Yq-deleted mice; corresponding genes map to autosomes and display sequence homology to piRNAs derived from Pirmy in their UTRs. Thus, piRNAs from species-specific repeats appear to regulate autosomal genes involved in reproduction. The male sterility phenotypes of Yq-deleted mice and crossspecies hybrids are comparable, indicating a larger role for species-specific repeats from Y-chromosome in speciation and evolution. ABSTRACTRepeats from the male-specific long arm of mouse Y-chromosome (MSYq) transcribe protein coding and noncoding RNAs. Majority of genes expressed during spermatogenesis are autosomal. Mice with different deletions of Yq show sub-fertility and sterility, depending on the length of deletion. The connection between Yq deletion and autosomal gene regulation was not well studied before. We describe a novel multi-copy mouse Yq-derived long noncoding RNA, Pirmy (piRNA from mouse Y All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
Immune competence, resistance to Escherichia coli and growth were measured in female chicks of broiler male parent lines from four different commercial sources. These chicks were fed with three levels of dietary crude protein (CP) from day-old. The protein contents in the diets were 18%, 20.5% and 23%; these diets are referred to as the low-, medium- and high-protein diets, respectively. There was a significant genotype by dietary protein interaction for body weight at 35 days of age but not at 14 or 28 days of age. At 14 days of age, the chicks fed on the high-protein diet weighed significantly more than those fed on the low-protein diet, but there were no differences between the chicks fed on the medium-and low-protein diets. The influence of CP content on body weight had disappeared by 28 days of age. There were significant differences between the genotypes-in antibody production in response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) inoculation, but no such differences were observed between the chicks fed the different levels of dietary protein. Chicks fed on the high-protein diet had lower lesion scores following E. coli inoculation than those fed on the low-protein diet. There were also significant differences in lesion scores among the genotypes. Genotypes with heavier body weights had significantly higher lesion scores and lower antibody titres than those with less body weight. Also, genotypes of lower body weight had a greater cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity response to phytohaemaglutinin-P inoculation, and a better humoral response against SRBC and a lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratio.
One of the key questions in biology is whether all cells of a "cell type" have more or less the same phenotype, especially with relation to non-imprinted autosomal loci. Recent studies point to differential allelic expression of autosomal genes being a prevalent phenomenon responsible to confer phenotypic variability at individual cell level. However, most studies have been carried out in actively transcribing cells. Here we display cellular mosaicism arising from differential allelic expression for the cell surface glycoprotein in the enucleated RBCs. We studied the expression of the A and B histo-blood group antigens encoded by the co-dominant alleles in individual RBCs using immunofluorescence. We assessed the relative levels of the co-dominant alleles I A and I B in 2512 RBC from 24 individuals with AB blood group using Cy3-and FITC-tagged antibodies. Quantification of individual fluorescence intensities from each cell and test of their normal distribution revealed that contrary to the general belief that all RBC in AB individuals express both antigens in comparable amounts, they segregated into 4 groups: showing normal distribution for both antigens, either antigen, and neither antigen; the deviation from normal distribution could not be correlated to maternal/paternal origin, thus appear to be stochastic. Surprisingly, very few people showed any correlation between the amounts of these two antigens on RBC. In fact, the ratio of antigen A to B in the entire set of samples spanned over 5 orders of magnitude. This variability in amount of the antigens A and/or B, combined with a lack of correlation between the amounts of these two antigens resulted in unique staining patterns for RBC, generating widespread mosaicism in the RBC population of AB blood group individuals.
One of the key questions in biology is whether all the cells of a "cell type" have more or less the same phenotype, especially with relation to non-imprinted autosomal loci. This could be answered by single-cell studies in heterozygous organisms. We studied the ABO locus to assess the relative levels of expression of the co-dominant alleles I A and I B in 2512 RBC from 24 individuals with AB blood group using Cy3-and FITC-tagged antibodies. Contrary to the general belief that all RBC in AB individuals express both antigens in comparable amounts, they segregated into 4 groups: showing normal distribution for both antigens, either antigen, and neither antigen; the deviation from normal distribution could not be correlated to maternal/paternal origin. Surprisingly, very few people showed any correlation between the amounts of these two antigens on RBC. In fact, the ratio of antigen A to B in the entire set of samples spanned over 6 orders of magnitude. This variability in amount of the antigens A and/or B, combined with a lack of correlation between the amounts of these two antigens resulted in unique staining patterns for RBC, generating widespread mosaicism in the RBC population of AB blood group individuals.
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