End stage renal disease (ESRD) represents a clinical condition in which there is an irreversible loss of endogenous renal function. Both structural and functional abnormalities of the kidney are associated with increased morbidity, mortality. Bardet-Biedel syndrome (BBS) is one of the rare genetic disorders with prevalence of 1 in 1, 40,000-1 in 1,60,000 worldwide. ESRD in BBS patients is the final stage of the disease, increasing mortality in youth.
INTRODUCTIONHypertensive disorders during pregnancy complicate 7-10% of total pregnancies , out of which 70% are preeclamptic. It increases perinatal mortality by five fold and kills 50,000 women worldwide.1 Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder characterised by hypertension to the extent of 140/90 mm of Hg or more, proteinuria (≥ 300 mg /day) and oedema induced by pregnancy after 20 th week. Without intervention, preeclampsia progresses to eclampsia.Despite considerable research, the pathophysiology of preeclampsia remains unclear. However, oxidative stress has been attributed to be the causative factor of preeclampsia. 3 Lipid peroxidation is event of oxidative stress . Low density lipoproteins are more susceptible for free radical oxidation leading to generation of Malondialdehyde (MDA). This can be the major factor that induces endothelial dysfunction . 4 Slemons and Begort first observed an association between serum uric acid and the presence of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Stander and Cadden were first to demonstrate a high correlation between the ABSTRACT Background: Hypertensive disorders of human pregnancy, such as preeclampsia, complicates a sizeable percentage of all pregnancies, need its early indication and warning. The aim of present study was to determine the association between lipid peroxidation product, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum uric acid levels in preeclampsia and find out any association between these two parameters in preeclampsia. Methods: Thirty preeclampsia and thirty gestational age matched normotensive pregnant women attending Narayana General Hospital, Nellore were included in the study. Serum MDA levels were measured by Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) method and serum uric acid levels were estimated by automated chemistry analyser using commercial kits. Results: Serum MDA (Mean±SEM 24.4±2.38 vs 7.9± 0.28 nmol/ml, p value < 0.000) and serum uric acid levels (7.2 ± 0.25 vs 3.9 ± 0.14 mg/dl, p value <0.000) were significantly elevated in preeclampsia cases when compared with that of normotensive pregnant women. A weak positive correlation between serum uric acid and serum MDA (r value 0.065, p value 0.734) was noticed in preeclampsia. Conclusion: Serum MDA and uric acid may be included as additional markers for screening and progression of preeclampsia, thereby helpful in effectively treating the condition at an early stage.
Pupillometry is a simple, non-invasive method capable of measuring static and dynamic pupil response in several physiological and clinical conditions. The latest digital camera can be slightly modified to obtain real time pupil response under infrared videography and analyzed by image analysis. So the current study has undertaken to confirm characterization of the system by comparing with manual measurements in healthy volunteers. Methods: This study was conducted in 40 healthy volunteers aged between 18 and 25 years. The system was calibrated by measuring the known length of 3 different lines for reliability. Later real time static pupil pictures were measured and compared with the manual examination of pupil determined by a ruled scale with 0.5 mm accuracy. Results: The Image J software was precalibrated with known length and estimated 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm lines respectively. The results are 5.01 ± 0.14 mm, 10.01 ± 0.36 mm and 15.02 ± 0.23 mm. There were no significant differences observed between the values analyzed by two examiners. Later the results were compared between manual examination and real time image analysis. Conclusion: The present study suggested that the static and dynamic pupil measurements with real time pupillometer are accurate and probably as reliable as those obtained by manual examination of the pupil using the flashlight test. This system is cost-effective, portable in nature which can produce authentic results of the pupil.
Introduction and Aim: Pulmonary function worsens with the intensification of disease severity. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may cause changes in the shape of the thoracic cage due to increasing lung volumes and dynamic hyperinflation. To assess the association between the severity of COPD and thoracic wall dimensions among COPD patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital on 80 COPD subjects aged above 18 years. Based on the severity of obstruction of COPD, subjects were divided into two groups-moderate obstruction and severe obstruction. Severity of obstruction constituted the primary outcome variable. The primary explanatory variables were the dimensions of the thoracic wall. Their association was assessed by calculating the Spearman correlation and Pearson correlation coefficient and represented in a scatter diagram. Results: Majority (60%) had an MMRC dyspnea grading of 3. Moderate Obstruction was seen in 62.5% of subjects while 37.50% had severe obstruction. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to antero posterior (AP) diameter, transverse diameter, AP to transverse diameter ratio and Height of Diaphragm (HDI). There was a moderate negative correlation FVC (L) and HDI, FEV1/FVC (%) and HDI which was statistically significant. There was also a weak negative statistically significant correlation between FVC (L) and AP diameter, FVC (L) and transverse Diameter, FVC (L) and AP to transverse diameter ratio, FEV1/FVC (%) and AP diameter, FEV1/FVC (%) and transverse diameter. Conclusion: There was a significant moderate negative correlation between the height of the diaphragm and severity of COPD (FVC, FEV1/FVC %). In COPD, the mechanical deformation leads to difficulty in breathing because of reduction in the lung capacity of patients. Early and aggressive treatment in patients with COPD can be beneficial. Keywords: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease; medical research council dyspnoea scale; barrel-shaped chest; spirometry, diaphragm.
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