Total phenol, flavonoid, carotenoid and antioxidant activity of four green macroalgae (Halimeda tuna, Halimeda macroloba, Enteromorpha sp. and Acetabularia acetabulum) collected from South Andaman coast were analysed in this study. The results revealed that methanol extract of Enteromorpha sp. showed maximum phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content of 5.72±0.13 mg GAE/g, 21.15±1.05 mg RE/g and 47.78±0.46 µg/g respectively. All the analysed macroalgae species exhibited antioxidant activities in dose dependent manner among which Enteromorpha sp. demonstrated greater antioxidant potential. A. acetabulum exhibited greater ABTS (2, 2-azinobiz-3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging ability (92%) as evident by its low IC 50 (6.30 mg/ml) in comparison to other species. Based on factor analysis, up to two principal components were chosen to explain variability in 10 independent phytochemicals. The antioxidant potential reveals their potential for future applications in medicine, dietary supplements as well as the natural source of immunostimulants.
Background: Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are environmental organisms that can cause post-operative wound infections. Infections typically occur after laparoscopic surgery due to inadequate sterilization of heat-sensitive instruments. We describe the clinical presentation and management of postoperative RGM infections at Christian Medical College (CMC), a large tertiary referral hospital in South India.Methods & Materials: Laboratory records from 1 st January 2012 to 31 st August 2015 were examined to identify patients with culture positive post-operative RGM infections. The electronic medical records of these patients were reviewed together with their haematological, histological and radiographic data.Results: Over this period, 32 patients were diagnosed with culture proven RGM infection as a consequence of surgery. Mycobacterium fortuitum was the commonest isolate (46.9%), followed by M. abscessus (31.2%) and M. chelonae (18.8%). Most patients had wound infections (96.9%); 78.1% extended into underlying muscle and 28.1% into structures deep to muscle. 37.5% patients had infection associated with prosthetic material including surgical mesh, pacemakers, cardiac valve and a neurosurgical shunt. Surprisingly, most patients (65.6%) had undergone open surgical rather than laparoscopic procedure (25%).Only 4 patients (12.5%) acquired RGM infection following surgery at CMC. Over this period, 96,713 operations were performed resulting in an infection rate of 0.004%. 87.5% patients underwent operation at a different hospital, presenting to CMC a median 4 months after operation. 43.8% received inappropriate treatment for wound infection before presenting to CMC. 37.5% received antibiotics and 9.4% empirical antitubercular therapy, highlighting poor knowledge about RGM infections.All patients were treated with surgical debridement; 75% received subsequent antibiotics consisting of a two or three drug combination of amikacin, levofloxacin/moxifloxacin, clarithromycin or linezolid. Patients jointly managed by surgeons and infectious disease physicians had a higher rate of clinical response (75%) with less loss to follow up (25%) than those managed exclusively by surgeons (43.8% and 57.25% respectively).Conclusion: RGM infections continue to complicate routine operations in India, although they are a rare complication of surgery in our hospital. They are under-recognised and frequently misdiagnosed resulting in delays in appropriate treatment. Higher clinical response rates are seen where management involves surgeons and infectious disease clinicians with laboratory support from microbiologists.
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