Ethanol can be made from lignocellulosic biomass, a promising replacement for fossil fuels. The bioethanol production process is divided into three basic unit operations. Conventional and well-established corn-to-ethanol technology can be cost competitive with the cellulosic ethanol process. For the pre-treatment of bagasse, steam explosion without a catalyst and a mixture of sulfuric and oxalic acids were used. The slab was submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis in the first scheme without any additional treatments like washing or solid-liquid separation. According to a study, post-treating bagasse with a pressure filtering process improved the amount of sugar that might be produced for ethanol. The total cellulosic ethanol process can be made successful. The effect of varying concentrations of sodium sulphite and its effect on both process configurations were also studied. The study provided an 8-10% increase in overall enzymatic efficiency as compared to the control substrate.
In this paper, a novel method of cryogenically cooled (low-temperature nitrogen gas) wire tool is used during the oxygen-mist near-dry wire-cut electrical discharge machining (NDWEDM) process to cut Inconel 718 alloy material. The current, pulse-width, pulse-interval, and flow rate are the controllable variables for response characteristics, such as the material removal rate (MRR) and wire wear ratio (WWR). The Box-Behnken method is applied to design the experiments to collect the observations from experiments. The mathematical models for each response were developed using significant individual, interaction, and quadratic terms by the sequential sum of the square test. The response surfaces were developed. It was revealed from the analysis that 52.92 % of current, 24.63 % of Pulse-width, 12.81 % of pulse- interval and 5.75 % of flow rate contributed to MRR, while 14.89 % of current, 9.75 % of pulse-width, 62.20 % of pulse-interval, and 5.44 % of flow rate contributed to WWR. The pulse-width has more contribution on MRR due to the long period of spark between the wire and work materials. It was also observed that the pulse-interval has more effect on WWR due to the more ideal period (high spark-pause-time) between two consecutive high-temperature sparks in the wire tool. The wear of the wire tool has been analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs. The desirability principles were first applied to obtain multi-objective solutions with a combination of process parameters to achieve the optimal values of both responses. The predicted combination of results has been validated by data that were collected from confirmation experiments.
One of the waste sources that is growing the quickest globally is electronic garbage. Metal deoxidation and the loss of carbon in the gaseous fraction were inhibited by inert atmospheres. The composition, hazardous and toxic components of various e-wastes are explained. The concentration of precious metals in printed circuit boards (PCBs) makes them a significant source of metals. The metallic phases were discovered to include notable concentrations of Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt. In very small amounts, precious metals were found in the carbons and oxides of non-metallic fraction. Copper-based alloys and carbon resources were successfully recovered through high-temperature pyrolysis. Additionally, this method reduced the amount of material that needed to be managed and processed further. Recycling e-waste should improve metal recovery, preserve natural resources, and offer a solution that is environmentally sustainable.
Hydroponics is becoming increasingly popular because it can be used in unconventional locations such as inside warehouses, marginal lands, and water-scarce regions. Hydrogen (pH), nutrient level, water level, temperature, and other parameters must be monitored on a daily basis in a typical hydroponic design. A hydroponic setup that is not dependent on the environment outside has been developed. The technology consumes less water and fertiliser as compared to a soil-based system. This system uses the idea of a relay and alarm connected to a microcontroller to make sure that nutrient solution is always available. The creation of an internet of things (IoT) network enabled remote parameter monitoring and control, which increased system stability. In addition to measuring and controlling the water level, pH, water stream rate, and EC at this time, the numerous sensors attached to the NFT framework support gathering fundamental system information.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.