In the current era, the need for an alternate material from the alloy has shown an abundant growth. For various reasons, the alloys are being replaced with composites. On this hand, natural fibers have discovered a speedy growth in the industry due to eco-friendly nature and availability. The current growth in natural compositeare fibers obtained from the fruit. In this study, the pineapple fruit is considered, and the fibers are obtained from the leaf. It is commonly called as PineApple Leaf Fiber (PALF). As the length of the leaf varies, length of the fiber obtained are not uniform and scope of the fiber is observed to be short. The fibers are extracted from the leaf andis chemically treated. The obtained fibers are reinforced with epoxy resin and composites are prepared by hand lay-up method. The fiber content is varied from 10% to 30% by weight. The study is carried out to understand the basic properties of pineapple leaf fiber. As natural fibers are hydrophilic, it is highly sensitivity to moisture and heat, this behavior is understood with the moisture test. Furthermore, this study reviews about the extraction, fabrication and mechanical properties of the reinforced natural composite with its potential applications.
HMS have emerged as an approach towards FMS to respond to the erratic market trends and consumer demands. To implement HMS, in control systems, is the Holonic Component Based Architecture (HCBA). It is a combined form of Component Based Development (CBD) and HMS. CBD is basically a programming approach in which a problem is solved by a solution that consists of many modules instead of a monolithic module. It very close to OOP, but is an improvement over it. This paper explains the approach of HMS and the concept of Holonic Component Based Architecture. Some variations have also been proposed in the existing structure of HCBA. Merits and de-merits of HMS in the present scenario have been discussed.
Sludge production in the membrane bioreactor treating municipal wastewater can be estimated from the kinetic equation which describes a relationship between sludge concentration and substrate, decay coefficient, sludge retention time and hydraulic retention time. Based on the experimental data and using the mathematical approximate method, the theoretical yield factor (Y) and the decay coefficient (kd) were found to be 0.33 mg VSS/mg COD and 0.04 1/day, respectively. Sludge production in the system can be estimated from the obtained kinetic equation. The calculated values were fluctuated around the measured ones. This result proved the potential application of the obtained equation for estimation of the biomass concentration and kinetic parameters in the wastewater treatment systems using membrane bioreactor technology.
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