Background:The cytological examinations of serous effusions have been well-accepted, and a positive diagnosis is often considered as a definitive diagnosis. It helps in staging, prognosis and management of the patients in malignancies and also gives information about various inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions. Diagnostic problems arise in everyday practice to differentiate reactive atypical mesothelial cells and malignant cells by the routine conventional smear (CS) method.Aims:To compare the morphological features of the CS method with those of the cell block (CB) method and also to assess the utility and sensitivity of the CB method in the cytodiagnosis of pleural effusions.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted in the cytology section of the Department of Pathology. Sixty pleural fluid samples were subjected to diagnostic evaluation for over a period of 20 months. Along with the conventional smears, cell blocks were prepared by using 10% alcohol–formalin as a fixative agent. Statistical analysis with the ‘z test’ was performed to identify the cellularity, using the CS and CB methods. Mc. Naemer's χ2test was used to identify the additional yield for malignancy by the CB method.Results:Cellularity and additional yield for malignancy was 15% more by the CB method.Conclusions:The CB method provides high cellularity, better architectural patterns, morphological features and an additional yield of malignant cells, and thereby, increases the sensitivity of the cytodiagnosis when compared with the CS method.
Introduction: The aim of the article was to study the histo pathological features of various lesions of Scarring Alopecia (SA) and to classify Primary SA on the basis of the predominant type of inflammatory cell component. Scarring or cicatricial alopecias are those that are produced as a result of the malformation, damage or destruction of the pilosebaceous follicles, which are replaced by cicatricial tissue, in such a way that they cannot again produce hair. Material and Methods:This prospective study included 32 biopsy -proven cases of SA, who had attended our hospital. Primary SA was classified according to the North American Hair Research Society. The informed consents of the subjects and the institutional ethical clearance was obtained for the study. The SPSS, version 14 software was used to analyse the data.Frequencies and percentages were used to describe the data.Results: During the study period, 32 cases of scarring alopecia were diagnosed, of which 24 were primary SA and 8 were secondary SA. Among the primary SA, there were 23 cases of lymphocyte associated primary scarring alopecias, of which, 19 of lupus erythematosus, 3 of lichen planopilaris (LPP) and one case of non specific SA. 1 case of neutrophil associated primary scarring (folliculitis decalvans) was also noted and among the secondary SA, there were 4 cases of morphea and 1 case each of lupus vulgaris, congenital absence of skin, burn and sarcoidosis. Conclusion:To conclude, histopathology is a dependable tool for identifying the underlying cause in scarring alopecia, which is helpful for an early diagnosis and treatment.
Objective: Proper identification of surgical margins along with margin status holds utmost importance in histopathology. inking margins is one way. india ink has long been used but it can ink only one margin. On other hand acrylic colours, available in variety of colours can be used for inking multiple margins along with many more advantages. The present study was undertaken to analyse acrylic colours and indian ink for inking surgical margins via three different methods for optimum results. Material and Method:Thirteen acrylic colours along with india ink were evaluated via three different methods on radical specimens of breast and colon after preliminary requisites of grossing were completed. in Method 1, coloured inks were applied to an overnight formalin fixed specimen and representative sections were taken. in Method 2, the specimen was inked and kept for overnight fixation. The specimen was sampled following day. in Method 3, the specimen was inked and kept for overnight fixation. The following day, it was re-coloured with the same colours as of the previous day and subsequently sections were taken. Coloured inks were assessed on different parameters for their performance as surgical ink and given scores.Results: acrylic shades #04, #22, #06, #01, #02 and india ink had very good to excellent score on microscopy in all three methods. Shades #64, #18, #09, #23 had poor microscopic visibility in all three methods. Shade #09 showed loss of colour and the shade #23 showed penetration into deeper tissues on microscopy. results were best with Method 3 followed by Method 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion: acrylic colours have more advantages compared to india ink. Method 3 is recommended for inking. Few acrylic shades meet the criteria of surgical inks in all three methods.
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) of the lung, Stocker's type III is a rare anomaly characterized by replacement of normal pulmonary tissue with cysts of variable size and distribution. We report here a 16-week stillborn fetus with Stocker's type III bilateral CCAM involving the entire lungs. The additional associated malformations included collapsed nasal bridge, low set ears, malformed ears, absence of neck folds, absence of nipples and areolas, tracheal stenosis, fetal hydrops and small heart. The pathogenesis, radiological findings, pathological findings and prognosis of CCAM are discussed along with review of literature.
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