In this research, complex coacervation between oak protein isolate (OPI) and gum arabic (GA) at different pH values (7.0-1.6) and mixing ratios (8:1 to 1:8 protein: polysaccharide), and a constant biopolymer concentration (0.125% w/w) was studied by turbidimetric analysis. The findings revealed that the pH = 3.2 and 4:1 mixing ratio were the optimum conditions for electrostatic complex formation. The functional properties (e.g., solubility, surface hydrophobicity, capacity of water and oil absorption, foam formation, and emulsifying properties) of the OPI-GA complexes were better than OPI. The FTIR spectra revealed that the complex coacervation between the amine groups of OPI and the carboxyl groups of GA caused the formation of the coacervate, with hydrogen bonding also being involved. The results of DSC and TGA showed that the complex coacervate had better thermal stability in comparison with OPI and GA.
In this work, a hot compression test was carried out at 1173 K to 1473 K (900°C to 1200°C), with a strain rate of 0.01 to 1 s À1 up to~50 pct height reduction on functionally graded steel (FGS) specimens comprised of ferritic, bainitic, austenitic, and martensitic layers (abcMc). The stress-strain curves are strongly dependent on temperature and strain rate. Compressive flow stress varied from 40 to 105 MPa depending on the applied temperature and strain rates. Variation in steady-state flow stress with temperature and strain rates was studied. The strainrate-sensitivity exponent (m) and deformation activation energy (Q) for the abcMc composite under studied condition were 0.106 and 354.8 KJ mol À1 , respectively, which are within the values of boundary layers of ferrite (304.9 KJ mol À1 ) and austenite (454.8 KJ mol À1 ) layers. Given the alternative microstructure of the abcMc FGS, a range of deformation mechanisms from dynamic recovery to dynamic recrystallization maybe prevails, where the intensity of each mechanism depends on temperature and strain rates. In accordance with the experimental results, an empirical power-law equation was developed over the range of temperatures and strain rates investigated. The equation accurately describes temperature and strain-rate dependence of the flow stress.
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