The PPARδ gene codes protein that belongs to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family engaged in a variety of biological processes, including carcinogenesis. Specific biological and clinical roles of PPARδ in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not fully explained. The association of PPARα with miRNA regulators (e.g. miRNA-17) has been documented, suggesting the existence of a functional relationship of all PPARs with epigenetic regulation. The aim of the study was to determine the PPARδ and miR-17 expression profiles in NSCLC and to assess their diagnostic value in lung carcinogenesis. PPARδ and miR-17 expressions was assessed by qPCR in NSCLC tissue samples (n = 26) and corresponding macroscopically unchanged lung tissue samples adjacent to the primary lesions served as control (n = 26). PPARδ and miR-17 expression were significantly lower in NSCLC than in the control (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0178; respectively). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated the diagnostic potential in discriminating NSCLC from the control with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.914 for PPARδ and 0.692 for miR-17. Significant increase in PPARδ expression in the control for current smokers vs. former smokers (p = 0.0200) and increase in miR-17 expression in control tissue adjacent to adenocarcinoma subtype (p = 0.0422) were observed. Overexpression of miR-17 was observed at an early stage of lung carcinogenesis, which may suggest that it acts as a putative oncomiR. PPARδ and miR-17 may be markers differentiating tumour tissue from surgical margin and miR-17 may have diagnostic role in NSCLC histotypes differentiation.
Decorative fountains are a common element of urban architecture and are frequently used by inhabitants as recreational water reservoirs. The presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the water, as well as lack of sanitary and epidemiological supervision over such objects, poses a risk of acquiring a water‐borne infection. Hence, the aim of the study is to assess the microbiological and mycological contamination of fountain water. Water samples are collected from 10 fountains located in the city of Lodz (Poland), in 2016 twice: June/July (first sampling period) and September (second sampling period). Bacteriological analysis of water samples is carried out in accordance with standard procedures of the Commission Directive (EU) 2015/1787. Additionally, the material is examined for the presence of potentially pathogenic microscopic fungi by standard mycological protocols. In the first sampling period, 15.6% Escherichia coli and 74.3% of other coliform bacteria are detected in total isolates, while coliform bacteria accounts for 43.8% and E. coli 5.6% of the total in samples taken in September. In addition, 82 strains of fungi are isolated from the water samples, which are classified into yeasts (5 species) and filamentous fungi (17 species). Of the isolated fungi, 36.4% are potential pathogens from biosafety level 2 (BSL‐2). Aspergillus fumigatus is dominant among filamentous fungi and Candida albicans among yeasts. Contaminated fountains are hidden sources of infection for humans and represent an epidemiological problem of public health. The presence of fecal bacteria and fungal species classified into BSL‐2 in the fountain water indicates the need to introduce seasonal microbiological monitoring and implement legal regulations regarding its sanitary condition.
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