Articles you may be interested inThe kinematic convergent-beam electron diffraction method for nanocrystal structure determination A method of determining narrow energy spread electron beams from a laser plasma wakefield accelerator using undulator radiation Phys. Plasmas 16, 093102 (2009); 10.1063/1.3216549 Determination of the source position for the electron beams from a highenergy linear accelerator Med. Phys. 13, 942 (1986); 10.1118/1.595823Comments on the method of energy determination for electron beams in the TG21 protocol Med.A method for determination of accelerator beam energies using hybrid targets is described. A target consisting of a homogeneous mixture of reference nuclei having well-known excited states and projectile nuclei is used. Determination of the "crossover" angle at which recoil projectile particles and inelastically scattered particles from reference nuclei produce equal pulse heights is shown to provide a beam energy measurement. No special apparatus is required. The method is applicable over a wide range of energies. An alternative related measurement using other hybrid targets is discussed briefly.
In the construction of reusable software components, transitive composability of parameterized abstractions is important for achieving the functionality desired. We have argued in a previous paper ( "Composable Ada Software Components and the Re-Export Paradigm" , which was published in a preceding issue of Ada Letters) that the paradigm we call "re-export" is the best technique for building robust, composable components in Ada which come close to meeting our standards for software quality. That paper discusses in detail the techniques which Ada provides that are appropriate for composing abstractions using re-export and the difficulties which are encountered in their construction. Because we do not have the space to recapitulate here, our previous paper must be read to provide the necessary context for understanding this one.A concrete example of re-export is presented here in which we attempt to design an abstraction using composable components. After analyzing the successes and shortcomings of this example, we conclude by presenting our view of the current realities of composition in Ada and outlining the general requirements for effective composition of software in Ada.
A multiple-stage four-sector separated magnet isochronous cyclotron is presently under construction at Indiana University. Ions are to be accelerated by potential drop before injection into the cyclotron stages permitting operation with 1 < vz < 1.5. The large flutter required for this axial strength increases the non-relativistic radial focusing frequency so that vr > 1.1. The vr = 4/3 intrinsic radial quadratic resonance is encountered at 0 = 0.43 (100 MeV protons, 300 MeV 3He) but extensive studies indicate that beam deterioration and loss are negligible with the chosen operating parameters. Fourth and higher harmonics of the orbital frequency are to be used for acceleration. A charge-to-mass ratio range of 1/6 . q/M s 1 is planned; this, together with the external ion source, median plane injection, strong focusing and large dimensions, provides an excellent heavy ion capability. A maximum design energy of 200 NeV is planned for protons; maximum energies for other ions are given by E = 240 q2/M MeV. A dee-in-valley design with the very large axial aperture inherent in this facility has many advantages. Among these are the narrow magnet gap, capacitive tuning of the dees, dee voltage increasing with radi.us, and structural simplifications. It also permits sufficient additional vertical aperture inside the dees for second harmonic rf electrodes permitting asymmetrical square-waving of the energy gain per turn versus rf phase. Use of the fundamental and second harmonics of proper amplitudes and phases can provide a uniformity 2:1000 over a 50°phase interval and 1:10000 over a 250 interval. A small additional third harmonic component can double these intervals.
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