An inverse relationship has been shown between vitamin D deficiency and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In this cross-sectional study in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, a country with a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, we determined the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among 90 type 2 DM patients and 90 healthy subjects. Based on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, the rates of deficiency (< 50 nmol/L) and insufficiency (50-75 nmol/L) were 59.0% and 27.0% respectively in patients with type 2 DM, and 47.0% and 24.0% respectively in healthy subjects. Using the national cut-offs for vitamin D deficiency, 64.0% women with DM and 47.4% of healthy women were suffering from different degrees of vitamin D deficiency. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in men with type 2 DM and healthy men were 42.7% and 22.2% respectively. None of the differences between the 2 groups was statistically significant. اإلسالمية إيران مجهورية يف
High calorie intake and high weight gain is one of the worldwide health problems particularly in industrial and developed countries. The subjected individuals are at high risk for developing various disorders such as diabetes and particularly cardiovascular problems. It has been well established that life style modification plays an important role in reducing these problems, particularly weight reduction and caloric restriction (CR) as a non-pharmacological approach. This study sought to examine the possible effect of caloric restriction on nitric oxide production, ACE activity and blood pressure regulation in rat. Two groups of rats were selected as the control (C) and the CR group and a with standard and an every other day diet, respectively, for 4 weeks. At the end of study in the CR group systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased compared to controls. The serum NOx was significantly increased compared to the C group. The serum ACE activity was lower in the CR group. Therefore, it may be concluded that CR could reduce blood pressure by elevating NO production and lowering ACE activity.
DXA and QUS assessments in vivo have been shown to be predictive of osteoporosis and future fractures. In clinical measurements, bone thickness can affect bone mineral density and ultrasound parameters. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated contradictory reports about relationship between bone mineral density and so ultrasound parameters with bone thickness, separately. In this study, DXA, phalangeal QUS and calcaneus QUS measurements were conducted on rabbit bone in vivo using clinical instruments. We have selected rabbit's bones that have low BMD and more collagen tissue to predict structure not only measures BMD, but is also sensitive to the structure of the bone. To investigate the effect of bone thickness on the measured parameters, two regions of femur and tibia bones (N = 44) were processed: up (1/3 of length) and down (2/3 of length) for BMC, areal BMD, volumetric BMD, AD-SOS, UBPI, BTT, SOS, BUA and SI measurements and bone thickness-corrected SOS and bone thickness corrected BUA. The paired student's t-test analysis of densitometric and ultrasonic characteristics extracted by DXA, Phalangeal and calcaneus quantitative ultrasound showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between densitometric and ultrasonic parameters of two groups of up and down of the femur and two groups of up and down of the tibia, with the exception of SOS and SI (p > 0.05). It shows that BMC, BMD(a), AD-SOS, UBPI, BTT and BUA correlate well with the bone thickness of the tibia and the femur. Among the femur parameters, the highest correlation (r = 0.755) was obtained for BMC parameter. But in the tibia, measurements at AD-SOS, UBPI and BUA inversely correlated with bone thickness, that could be arise from the tibia bone structure. This bone has collagen and non mineral structures more than bone mineral density. Correlation analyses of the bone thickness with the thickness-corrected DXA and ultrasound parameters revealed that corrected BMD (BMD(v)) is independent from thickness, but corrected parameters excluding SOSc and BUA(c) showed significant correlation coefficient than uncorrected. Linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between DXA and ultrasound parameters with bone thickness and the regression functions for each parameters (with correlated significant) is given. We concluded that BMD(v), SOS and SI are independent from bone thickness (with range of 5-9 mm). Thus, the ability of these parameters to discriminate low density or osteoporotic bone from normal bone may be limited if differences in bone thickness are not accounted for. This result may be at least in part due to large precision error measurement of the bone thickness, in vivo study.
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