Cyanobacteria cause a multitude of water-quality concerns, including the potential to produce toxins and tasteand-odor compounds. Toxins and taste-and-odor compounds may cause substantial economic and public health concerns and are of particular interest in lakes, reservoirs, and rivers that are used for drinking-water supply, recreation, or aquaculture. The Kansas River is a primary source of drinking water for about 800,000 people in northeastern Kansas. Water released from Milford Lake to the Kansas River during a toxic cyanobacterial bloom in late August 2011 prompted concerns about cyanobacteria and associated toxins and taste-and-odor compounds in downstream drinking-water supplies. During September and October 2011 water-quality samples were collected to characterize the transport of cyanobacteria and associated compounds from upstream reservoirs to the Kansas River. This study is one of the first to quantitatively document the transport of cyanobacteria and associated compounds during reservoir releases and improves understanding of the fate and transport of cyanotoxins and taste-and-odor compounds downstream from reservoirs. Milford Lake was the only reservoir in the study area with an ongoing cyanobacterial bloom during reservoir releases. Concentrations of cyanobacteria and associated toxins and taste-and-odor compounds in Milford Lake (upstream from the dam) were not necessarily indicative of outflow conditions (below the dam). Total microcystin concentrations, one of the most commonly occurring cyanobacterial toxins, in Milford Lake were 650 to 7,500 times higher than the Kansas Department of Health and Environment guidance level for a public health warning (20 micrograms per liter) for most of September 2011. By comparison, total microcystin concentrations in the Milford Lake outflow generally were less than 10 percent of the concentrations in surface accumulations, and never exceeded 20 micrograms per liter. The Republican River, downstream from Milford Lake, was the only Kansas River tributary with detectable between measured and expected concentrations were statistically significant. Results, however, indicate that simple dilution models were not sufficient to describe the downstream transport of cyanobacteria and associated compounds in the Kansas River.
This Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plan documents the standards, policies, and procedures used by the Kansas Water Science Center (KSWSC) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for activities related to the collection, processing, storage, analysis, and publication of surface-water data. Public Affairs Coordinator 1. Maintaining media contacts during major flood, drought, or other hydrologic events.
Continuous real-time information on streams, lakes, and groundwater is an important Kansas resource that can safeguard lives and property, and ensure adequate water resources for a healthy State economy. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates approximately 230 water-monitoring stations at Kansas streams, lakes, and groundwater sites. Most of these stations are funded cooperatively in partnerships with local, tribal, State, or other Federal agencies. The USGS real-time water-monitoring network provides long-term, accurate, and objective information that meets the needs of many customers. Whether the customer is a water-management or water-quality agency, an emergency planner, a power or navigational official, a farmer, a canoeist, or a fisherman, all can benefit from the continuous real-time water information gathered by the USGS. Water-Monitoring NetworkThe USGS has collected hydrologic data in Kansas for more than 100 years. The first USGS continuous streamflowmonitoring station in Kansas, Cimarron River near Liberal, began recording data on October 1, 1895. With time, the USGS water-monitoring network ( fig. 1) has changed as new needs for water information have emerged and new technologies for data collection, analysis, and dissemination have evolved.The most profound change in the USGS water-monitoring network in Kansas has been the development and widespread use of continuous real-time data. All continuous monitoring stations in Kansas are equipped with automated data-collection platforms (DCPs) that use satellite technology to transmit data 24 hours a day directly to the USGS office in Lawrence, andPrinted on recycled paper Real-Time Streamflow and Lake-Level InformationContinuous real-time streamflow and water-level information is available on the internet for about 200 monitoring stations on streams and 12 locations on lakes in Kansas as of 2013 ( fig. 1). Instantaneous discharge (streamflow) and gage-height (water level or stage) data recorded at the monitoring stations are relayed by satellite to USGS computers and processed hourly or more frequently during floods for distribution on the internet Continuous real-time streamflow and lake-level information from the USGS is used by:State and local water-management and supply agencies-to plan, monitor, and adjust water-withdrawal and watertreatment strategies for protecting public health, especially during a drought.National Weather Service-to determine flood stages for various streams and to help forecast when and where streams will crest during floods.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-to aid in the scheduling of reservoir releases to reduce damage from floods, maintain water supplies, allow navigation, and meet water-quality and ecosystems standards.Kansas Department of Transportation-to safely and efficiently design bridges, highways, and culverts that will convey sufficient streamflow so that roadways and bridges remain above water during flooding and avoid structural damage. Federal Emergency Management Agency-to delineate flood-prone areas, develop f...
The U.S. Geological Survey measures the exchange of flow between the north and south parts of Great Salt Lake, Utah, as part of a monitoring program. Turbidity and bidirectional flow through the breach in the causeway that divides the lake into two parts makes it difficult to measure discharge with conventional streamflow techniques. An acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) can be used to more accurately define the angles of flow and the location of the interface between the layers of flow. Because of the high salinity levels measured in Great Salt Lake (60-280 parts per thousand), special methods had to be developed to adjust ADCP-computed discharges for the increased speed of sound in hypersaline waters and for water entrained at the interface between flow layers.
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