Sympatric and similar body-sized species exhibit interspecific competition for resources. The present study investigated diel activity of five meso-carnivore species (Canis aureus, Felis chaus, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Viverricula indica, and Herpestes edwardsii) in a human-dominated region of Auroville and around Pondicherry University using camera-trap survey data. Diel activity pattern and overlap were estimated using the kernel density method. The Jungle Cat Felis chaus and the Golden Jackal Canis aureus exhibited cathemeral diel activity with a high overlap between them (Δ̂1 = 0.78). The Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii displayed a diurnal activity pattern and had low overlap with the Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica (Δ̂1 = 0.34). Moderate overlap was found between the Small Indian Civet and the Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Δ̂1 = 0.32). Therefore, diel activity patterns of mesocarnivores indicate inter- and intra-specific trade-off competition avoidance resulting in successful foraging. The present camera-trap survey has provided insights into diel activity patterns and more attention is required to be paid to the study of feeding and breeding ecology of these species in human-dominated landscapes.
Livestock depredation by large carnivores and retaliatory killings have become worldwide conservation issues. Leopard depredation of livestock across their range undermines public support for their conservation, resulting in contentious coexistence between the leopard and humans. Lack of knowledge on the patterns of livestock depredation often hinders the formulation of effective conservation management policies. We conducted a questionnaire survey on 656 respondents to assess the extent of livestock depredation and their attitudes towards leopards. Leopard kills included goats (49%) as the main prey, followed by the domestic dog (28%), hen (12%), sheep (5%), cow (4%), and cat (2%). Our results show that depredation varied significantly across seasons (KW = 30.33, df = 2, P < 0.05); 47% of domestic animals were killed during monsoon, followed by 33% in winter, and 20% in summer. Leopards killed 49.96% of goats as they grazed, 50% of sheep when tethered at the house, 67% of cows while in the corral, and 59% of dogs while they roamed freely around the house. Though local people experienced significant levels of livestock losses, about 68% expressed positive attitudes towards leopard conservation. Positive attitudes were revealed by their awareness about conservation and by moral consciousness towards killing of animals, which is forbidden in their religion. In the present study site, fodder cultivation and stall feeding would reduce the grazing-related attack. Similarly, simple changes in the husbandry practices such as closed fence type instead of stockade, effectively reduce enclosure-related depredation.
Early detection of disease in the plant leads to an early treatment and reduction in the economic loss considerably. Recent development has introduced deep learning based convolutional neural network for detecting the diseases in the images accurately using image classification techniques. In the chapter, CNN is supplied with the input image. In each convolutional layer of CNN, features are extracted and are transferred to the next pooling layer. Finally, all the features which are extracted from convolution layers are concatenated and formed as input to the fully-connected layer of state-of-the-art architecture and then output class will be predicted by the model. The model is evaluated for three different datasets such as grape, pepper, and peach leaves. It is observed from the experimental results that the accuracy of the model obtained for grape, pepper, peach datasets are 74%, 69%, 84%, respectively.
Nowadays the Stability of the power system has become very vulnerable due to frequent voltage instability. Contingency assessment has to be carried out to figure out the lines which are most vulnerable to instability. In this paper contingency assessment is done by a novel technique in which performance indices (PI) obtained from the variation of bus voltage magnitude and apparent power of the transmission line are taken into account with masking effect. The overall ranking of the severity of the contingencies is obtained through fuzzy logic. For this purpose we propose a three step technique: in first step the performance indices are obtained through power flow; in second step the masking effect is removed; fuzzy logic based overall ranking is obtained in the third step. The approach is illustrated on IEEE 14 bus system. This approach is suitable for different types of plots. By knowing the severity of the contingency the operator can sketch a control action in the real time before the system moves towards instability.
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