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Background: Diabetic Nephropathy is consider as one of the major micro-vascular problems of diabetes mellitus and has become the most general single factor of end stage of kidney disease. It is defined traditionally by kidney morphological and modification like: glomerular hyper filtration, glomerular and kidney hypertrophy, increased urinary albumin excretion (> 300 mg/24 hours), increased GBM (Glomerular Basement Membrane) thickness and mesangial expansion and also accumulation of extracellular proteins comprising laminin, collagens and fibronectin worldwide. Oxidative stress (OS) has been characterized as the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) yielding and the possessive antioxidant defense system. Objective of the study: Correlation between oxidative stress and antioxidant in diabetic nephropathy. Materials and methods: The investigation was conducted on 100 DN subjects of both sex and aged 20 or more and 100 age and sex matched healthy control subjects. MDA, SOD and Catalase of each subject was measured. Results: the present investigation shows that the MDA was elevated significantly and SOD and Catalase level was found to be significantly low in DN individuals as compared to controls. Conclusion: This study concluded that the MDA could be better marker for early recognition of DN. Keywords: Diabetic nephropathy (DN), MDA, SOD, Catalase, Kidney disease

Background: Essential hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases of the world. The underlying pathophysiological abnormalities that lead to the development of the elevated arterial pressure in this disorder remain elusive. Pranayam (yogic breathing exercises) techniques are beneficial in treating a range of stress related disorders such as hypertension and reducing signs of oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to check effect of Pranayam on oxidative stress in cases of essential hypertension before and after Pranayam. Methods: Total 100 hypertensive subjects and 100 sex matched controls were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria include patients with blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm of Hg, while patients with secondary hypertension, stroke, CAD, MI and diabetes mellitus were excluded. Serum PON-1 was estimated spectrophotometrically by Charlton Menys.V method. Serum SOD estimated spectrophotometrically by Mishra H.P. & Fridovich I,1972 method and Plasma MDA by colorimetric method of Satoch K.et al. We estimated PON-1, SOD and MDA in hypertensive and controls, then we suggested hypertensive for 3 months Pranayam, again the same parameters were measured and compared by using Students T test and one way ANOVA to determine significant differences. Results: Before Pranayam, PON-1 activity was decreased significantly (<0.001) in hypertensive subjects compared to controls. SOD was also decreased significantly (p<0.001) in hypertensives compared to controls and MDA was increased significantly (p<0.001) in hypertensives compared to controls, But after 3 months Pranayam, there was significant (p<0.001) improvement in PON-1 and SOD activity in hypertensives and significant (p<0.001) decrease in MDA levels in hypertensives compared to hypertensives before Pranayam. Conclusions: It is concluded that Pranayam can significantly reduce oxidative stress i.e. generation of free radicals, lipid peroxidation products (MDA) and significant increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes i.e. SOD & PON-1.MDA is a marker of oxidative stress. Pranayam not only reduces oxidative stress but also improves antioxidant status of the individual.

Prehypertension is an American medical classification for cases where a person's blood pressure is elevated above normal but not to the level considered as hypertensive, systolic 120 to 139 mm Hg and diastolic 80 to 89 mm Hg 1 . Prehypertension is the most important public health problem in developing countries and one of the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The natural history of prehypertension starts when some combination of hereditary and environmental factors set in to the motion transient but repetitive perturbation of cardiovascular homeostasis not enough to raise the blood pressure to level defined as abnormal but enough to begin the cascade that, over many years lead to BPs that are usually elevated 2 . The main aim of this study was to evaluate the association between undiagnosed prehypertension and serum CRP level across the range of blood pressure categories including prehypertension i.e. 121-139/89 mm Hg. C reactive protein, a simple downstream marker of inflammation , has now emerged as a major cardiovascular risk factor. In the present study, serum hs-CRP level and lipid profile were monitored in 100 subjects with prehypertension and 100 age sex matched with normotensive controls. The level of hs-CRP in serum of cases were significantly high (p<0.0001) and level of HDL were significantly low (p<0.0001) compare to healthy controls.

Essential hypertension is associated with an elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which reacts with membrane lipids to form lipid hydroperoxides that decomposes to form Malondialdehyde (MDA) an indicator of oxidative stress. Endogenous antioxidant enzyme, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) counteracts oxidative stress. This study aims at understanding the role of oxidative stress in essential hypertension. The study comprised of 50 confirmed cases of hypertension and 50 age and sex matched controls .Inclusion criteria includes patients with blood pressure e" 140/90 mm of Hg, while patients with secondary hypertension, stroke, CAD,MI and diabetes mellitus are excluded. Serum SOD estimated spectrophotometrically by Mishra H.P. & Fridovich I,1972 method and Plasma MDA by colorimetric method of Satoch K.et al. SOD activity was statistically significantly (p<0.0001) decreased while MDA level was statistically significantly (p<0.0001) increased in hypertensives compared to controls. Patients suffering from hypertension have increased ROS activity which oxidizes nitric oxide (NO) and affect vascular tone.Lassegue et al (2004) also found convincing evidence that ROS is an intrinsic part of pathology of hypertension. If oxidative stress is indeed a cause or consequence of hypertension, then reduction in oxidative damage may result in a reduction in blood pressure. Antioxidants like Vit.A,Vit.C & Vit E which are present in vegetables, citrus fruits & oils respectively are able to trap ROS and thus may be capable of reducing oxidative damage and possibly blood pressure. Estimation of oxidative stress markers (SOD & MDA) is simple and inexpensive; it can be used to predict the development of atherosclerotic disease like coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and renal complications associated with essential hypertension. Oxidative stress markers estimation may also be helpful in assessing the usefulness of antihypertensive drugs in prevention of associated complications.