Secondary cultural practices, such as core aeration, vertical mowing, and topdressing, are being used on homelawn turf to a greater extent, even though specific problems may not warrant their application. In a field study {clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludult soil), we applied secondary cultural practices on 'Tifway' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon {L.) Pers. X C. transvllllknsis {Burtt-Davis)] in conjunction with annual N rates of 98, 196, and 296 kg ha -• and Kat 49, 98, and 196 kg ha-•. Neither N nor K influenced thatch accumulation, but a minimum of 196 kg N ha-• was necessary for adequate shoot density and color. The 49 kg K ha-• resulted in as good or better shoot density and color than did higher K rates. Three to four times more dollar spot (Moellerodiscus spp. and Lllnzia spp.) occurred at the lowest N rate, while K had much less influence on disease incidence. Core aeration applied once or twice per year caused a loss of stand density and did not reduce thatch accumulation regardless of whether cores were removed or returned. Vertical mowing twice per year decreased thatch by 8% but shoot density was adversely affected. At the end of 4 yr, topdressing with sand reduced thatch by 44 to 62% for one or two applications, respectively, while maintaining adequate shoot density and color. Increasing Nor K did not offset the adverse effects of core aeration or vertical mowing. Thus, under homelawn conditions, core aeration and vertical mowing should only be used if a specific problem exists and not as routine practices to prevent thatch accumulation.
‘Tifway‘ hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy × C. daetylon (L.) Pers.] and common bermudagrass [C. dactylon (L.) Pers.] are popular turfgrasses used throughout the southern USA. When both grasses are managed as a medium‐ to high‐quality turf, frequent mowings are needed to limit vegetative growth and seedhead emergence. Plant growth regulators offer the potential to reduce the number of mowings needed by bermudagrass. Therefore, experiments were conducted on Tifway and common bermudagrasses to determine the effects of plant growth regulators on vegetative growth, seedhead suppression, and mowing requirements. Flurprimidol {α‐(1‐methylethyl)‐α‐[4‐(trifluoro‐methoxy) phenyl]‐5‐pyrimidine‐methanol}, paclobutrazol, {(±)‐(R*R*)β‐[(4‐chlorophenyl) methyl]‐α‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐ethanol}, and trinexapac‐ethyl [4(cyclopropyl‐α‐hydroxy‐methylene)‐3,5‐dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester] plant growth regulators were each applied at various rates in three applications at 4‐wk intervals. When Tifway bermudagrass was treated initially with trinexapac‐ethyl at 0.2 kg ha−1, and followed by 0.1 kg ha−1 at 4 and 8 wk, vegetative growth and seedheads were suppressed for 12 wk and the number of mowings were reduced by 70 and 67% during 1992 and 1993, respectively. However, the quality of Tifway bermudagrass as significantly lowered in plots treated with trinexapac‐ethyl at this rate at four rating dates during 1992 and three rating dates during 1993, when compared with turfgrass treated initially at 0.1 kg ha−1, and followed by 0.05 kg ha−1 at 4 and 8 wk. Common bermudagrass was less affected by these treatments. Neither flurprimidol nor paclobutrazol applied in three applications during a 12‐wk period provided consistent vegetative growth and seedhead suppression of common bermudagrass during 1992 and 1993.
Plant growth regulators paclobutrazol and flurprimidol were evaluated for suppression ofPoa annuaspp.reptans, a perennial biotype of annual bluegrass, in a creeping bentgrass green. Paclobutrazol at 0.6 kg ai/ha applied on Mar. 15, followed by 0.3 kg/ha on Apr. 29, 0.6 kg/ha on Oct. 1, and 0.3 kg/ha on Nov. 12 for each of 2 yr suppressedP. annuaspp.reptans28% approximately 4 mo after the final treatment. When paclobutrazol was applied at 0.3 kg/ha in each of four applications during the same period, suppression was similar to that with the higher rate 1 and 2 mo after final treatment but declined to 7% by 4 mo. Suppression ofP. annuaspp.reptansfrom flurprimidol applied four times during each of 2 yr was 22 to 27% 1 mo after final treatment but no suppression was noted 2 mo after the final treatment. Maximum creeping bentgrass injury was less than 20% when either paclobutrazol or flurprimidol was applied in the spring. However, creeping bentgrass injury was approximately 30% in the fall when either chemical was applied in the spring and repeated in October at 0.6 kg/ha.
Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} at 0.34 kg ai/ha, fluazifop {(+)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} at 0.13 kg ai/ha, and SC-1084 {3-hydroxy-4-[4-[[5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] pentanoic acid} at 0.28 kg ai/ha controlled ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass [Cynodon transvaalensisBurtt-Davy #3CYNTR] x [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. # CYNDA] nearly 100% when applied for 2 consecutive years. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. ‘Ky 31’ # FESAR) tolerated fluazifop at 0.13 kg/ha and SC-1084 at 0.07 to 0.28 kg/ha; however, centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro) Hack, ‘common’ #ERLOP] and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonicaSteud. # ZOYJA xZoysia tenuifoliaWilld. ex trin. ‘Emerald’ #ZOYTE did not tolerate these treatments. Centipedegrass tolerated sethoxydim, zoysiagrass tolerance was intermediate, and tall fescue was injured severely. Sethoxydim at 0.22 kg/ha discolored leaves of zoysiagrass, but the turf recovered fully. Thus, bermudagrass, when mixed with either tall fescue, centipedegrass, or zoysiagrass, can be controlled selectively with herbicides applied postemergence.
Single and repeated applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) with and without 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one], and methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-di-one] were evaluated for control of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop.) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn.). Large crabgrass was controlled satisfactorily at Griffin in 1972 and 1973 with a single application of 1.7 kg/ha of MSMA, however, repeated applications were required for similar control at Griffin in 1974 and at Blairsville in 1973 and 1974. Repeated treatments at 0.6 kg/ha resulted in satisfactory large crabgrass control in only 2 of 3 years at Griffin and 1 of 3 experiments at Blairsville. The optimum time interval between the first and second MSMA treatments (average 1973 and 1974) was 12 days for the 1.1 kg/ha rate and anytime between 12 and 19 days for the 1.7 and 2.2 kg/ha rates. There was no advantage in large crabgrass control from treatments of methazole, metribuzin, or combinations of MSMA + 2,4-D when compared with MSMA. Single applications of 1.1 kg/ha of metribuzin or 2.2 kg/ha of methazole resulted in excellent goosegrass control without causing any permanent injury to common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Repeated treatments of 3.3 kg/ha of MSMA were required to obtain satisfactory goosegrass control.
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