SummaryMaize infected by aflatoxin‐producing A spergillus flavus may become contaminated with aflatoxins, and as a result, threaten human health, food security and farmers' income in developing countries where maize is a staple. Environmental distribution and genetic diversity of A . flavus can influence the effectiveness of atoxigenic isolates in mitigating aflatoxin contamination. However, such information has not been used to facilitate selection and deployment of atoxigenic isolates. A total of 35 isolates of A . flavus isolated from maize samples collected from three agro‐ecological zones of Nigeria were used in this study. Ecophysiological characteristics, distribution and genetic diversity of the isolates were determined to identify vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). The generated data were used to inform selection and deployment of native atoxigenic isolates to mitigate aflatoxin contamination in maize. In co‐inoculation with toxigenic isolates, atoxigenic isolates reduced aflatoxin contamination in grain by > 96%. A total of 25 VCGs were inferred from the collected isolates based on complementation tests involving nitrate non‐utilizing (nit−) mutants. To determine genetic diversity and distribution of VCGs across agro‐ecological zones, 832 nit− mutants from 52 locations in 11 administrative districts were paired with one self‐complementary nitrate auxotroph tester‐pair for each VCG. Atoxigenic VCGs accounted for 81.1% of the 153 positive complementations recorded. Genetic diversity of VCGs was highest in the derived savannah agro‐ecological zone (H = 2.61) compared with the southern Guinea savannah (H = 1.90) and northern Guinea savannah (H = 0.94) zones. Genetic richness (H = 2.60) and evenness (E 5 = 0.96) of VCGs were high across all agro‐ecological zones. Ten VCGs (40%) had members restricted to the original location of isolation, whereas 15 VCGs (60%) had members located between the original source of isolation and a distance > 400 km away. The present study identified widely distributed VCGs in Nigeria such as AV0222, AV3279, AV3304 and AV16127, whose atoxigenic members can be deployed for a region‐wide biocontrol of toxigenic isolates to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize.

Egusi melon (Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Mansf.) is an important vegetable crop grown for edible seeds and oil in West Africa. Leaf Blight Disease (LBD) is one of the major constraints to its production, with potential to cause economic damage. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and distribution of leaf blight on Egusi melon in Southwestern Nigeria. A survey of LBD of Egusi melon was conducted in 2015 and 2016, in five southwestern States of Nigeria (Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti and Ondo States). Twenty plants each, were randomly sampled from 150 farms comprising 30 farms each, from each State. The distribution of different Egusi melon varieties planted was recorded. “Bara” cv. was the most cultivated variety (51.6%); followed by “Bojuri” (30.4%) and “Serewe” (18%). Leaf blight was observed in most farms in the five States, from 73% in Osun and Oyo states to 83% in Ondo State. Disease incidence and severity varied with locations and cultivars, and ranged from 0.0-87.5±18% and 1.0±0-4.5±0.8 in Osun State to 20.0±19 - 95.0±4.5% and 2.3±1.5 - 5.0±0 in Ondo State. Out of the twelve fungal pathogens from ten genera isolated from infected plants, only Colletotrichum truncatum, C. gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae caused Leaf blight on Egusi melon. Key words: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum truncatum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae

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Laboratory studies were carried out in the Department of Biological Sciences, Ogun State University, Ago-Iwoye, southwestern Nigeria, to determine the extent of fungal deterioration of melon seeds stored in two types of storage bags viz; jute and polyethylene bags. Melon seeds of varieties Tc139 and V2 were stored in jute and polyethylene bags under ambient conditions using the 2 x 2 factorial design (variety vs type of bag) for 12 months. The moisture content (mc), incidence of visible mouldiness (ivm) and germinability of the stored seeds were determined monthly. The mc of Tc139 ranged from 6.1 to 6.7% in jute and 6.2 to 6.5% in polyethylene bags. The ivm which was initially 2.1% increased to 10.7% and 5.5% in jute and polyethylene bags respectively, after 12 months in storage. The germination percentage decreased from 96.3% to 28.7% and 45.3% in jute and polyethylene bags, respectively. The mc of V2 stored in jute and polyethylene bags varied from 5.9 to 6.4%, and 5.8 to 6.2%, respectively. The ivm increased from 1.8% before storage to 8.9% and 4.8% in jute and polyethylene bags, respectively, after 12 months. The percentage seed germination declined from 98.0% to 37.3% in jute and 48.7% in polyethylene bags after 12 months. Decreased incidence of field fungi namely: Alternaria,Botryodiplodia theobromae, Cladosporium, Fusarium and Macrophomina phaseolina was accompanied by simultaneous increase in storage fungi viz: Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus with prolonged storage.

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Cassava (Manihot esculenta L.) production is highly limited by cassava anthracnose disease (CAD) which causes significant losses in planting materials. An experiment was laid out at Ihiagwa, Owern in Nigeria with eighteen treatments replicated three times. Disease severity was scored on a scale of 1-5, and disease incidence was recorded as the percentage of infected plants in each host plant line. In all the three trials, TMS 30211 (425 mm) had cankers high up on the stem, showing that they were infected later in life. This will lead to more disease -free stems. Cultivars Akwakwuru (39.6 mm 2 ), TMS 30555 (31.6 mm 2 ), and Nwaocha (43.7 mm 2 ), had the large canker size on whole plant, young stem, shoot and maturing stem. These cultivars had low resistance to anthracnose. In all the trials, TMS 4(2)1425, and TMS 30211, had the smallest canker size (1.80 and 6.3 mm 2 , respectively) on whole plant, young stems, shoots and maturing stems. TMS 4(2)1425 and TMS 30211 had higher resistance to anthracnose and can be recommended for further improvement through breeding, because plants producing smaller -size lesions survive much longer and would also mature and produce flowers needed for breeding for improving resistance to CAD and other diseases.Key Words: Cassava anthracnose disease, Manihot esculenta, resistance RÉSUMÉ La production de manioc (Manihot esculenta L.) est fortement limitée par la maladie d'anthracnose de manioc (DAO) qui cause des pertes significatives en matières végétales. Une expérience a été présentée avec dix-huit traitements repliés trois fois. La sévérité de la maladie a été marquée sur une échelle de 1-5, et l'incidence de la maladie a été enregistrée comme pourcentage des usines infectées dans chaque ligne d'usine de centre serveur. Dans toutes trois épreuves, TMS 30211 (425 millimètres) a eu des cankers haut vers le haut sur la tige, prouvant qu'ils ont été infectés plus tard dans la vie. Ceci mènera à plus de maladie -tiges libres. Cultivars Akwakwuru, (39.6 millimètres 2

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