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We provide an explicit solution of the problem of activation escape from a metastable state of a periodically driven Brownian particle, including both the exponent and the prefactor. We find the instantaneous and time-average escape rates, and a crossover in their field dependence, from weak to exponentially strong, with amplitude and period of the driving field. The results apply for an arbitrary ratio between the field amplitude and the noise intensity, and between the field period and the relaxation time of the system. [S0031-9007(99)08926-7]

We discuss activated escape from a metastable state of a system driven by a time-periodic force. We show that the escape probabilities can be changed very strongly even by a comparatively weak force. In a broad parameter range, the activation energy of escape depends linearly on the force amplitude. This dependence is described by the logarithmic susceptibility, which is analyzed theoretically and through analog and digital simulations. A closed-form explicit expression for the escape rate of an overdamped Brownian particle is presented and shown to be in quantitative agreement with the simulations. We also describe experiments on a Brownian particle optically trapped in a double-well potential. A suitable periodic modulation of the optical intensity breaks the spatio-temporal symmetry of an otherwise spatially symmetric system. This has allowed us to localize a particle in one of the symmetric wells. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

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