Permanent construction has evolved from the Palaeolithic age to today’s skyscrapers. Constructing the structure, which promises occupants safety, has become a concern because of the uncertainties in nature. Therefore in recent years, attention has been given to the development of structural protective devices that could take care of the external loads. Structural control against the wind and earthquake load has been seriously studied where the structure behaves differently for wind and earthquake load has been briefly discussed in this paper. Initially, paper discusses the history of the construction and the passive control system, which was used in structural control, is briefly discussed in this paper. Also, the implementation of active control has been discussed which was introduced later in the structural control for more effective control. But the limitations of the passive and active control system have introduced semi-active control and also the hybrid control strategy. The two mechanisms are put together in the semi-active and hybrid system to obtain all advantages of the algorithm along with overcoming their limitations. The review also briefs about stochastic vibrational control of the structure where randomness is considered in external loads, parameter of the system and also in the external devices which are implemented in the structural control. As construction sector is a complex system, big data analysis, a new field in structural control system is discussed and future scope is also mentioned.
This paper presents the development of the outrigger structural system from the conventional outrigger to damped outrigger concepts. Outrigger structural system development from the conservative design as a rigid connection to a virtual connection with passive control, active control system, semi-active control system to hybrid control system is deliberated. Following brief overviews on history of outriggers, types of the outrigger, analysis of tall buildings without outriggers, formulation of equations for outrigger structure to simplify analysis are elaborated. Different approach to locate optimum positioning of outriggers in tall structure is elucidated. Analysis of outrigger to study its behavior in high-rise buildings using different methods is stated, and review on the damped outrigger system is explicated. This paper tries to highlight the advantages of outrigger structure with semi-active control and performance enhancement of the outrigger system with the effective devices, and enhanced results are also depicted. This review also paves a way for the new area of research in structural control with the incorporation of smart devices and smart technology.
This study presents an observer-based anti-windup robust proportional–integral–derivative controller with state estimator method for damped outrigger structure using magneto-rheological damper to mitigate the seismic response. In this approach, full-order Kalman observer is designed for estimating the states of the damped outrigger system from the feedback of the system output with optimum observer gain. However, due to the computational complexity, the integral windup is observed in the loop; therefore, integral anti-windup is introduced for the internal stability in the loop to produce the desired output. The semi-active magneto-rheological damper is integrated with the proposed system, to produce the required force by the system that ranges between the maximum and minimum values as regulated by the voltages produced by the controller in action for every instant of the seismic energy. The proposed strategy is designed in MATLAB and Simulink to find the adequacy of the damped outrigger system in terms of mitigating the following seismic responses like displacement, velocity, and acceleration. The dynamic analysis of the damped outrigger structure with the proposed control strategy shows enhanced performance in reducing the response of the structure as observed in peak response values. The evaluation criteria show a significant reduction in the vibration of the structure.
In earlier days, the only way to resist the lateral loads was to increase the lateral strength of the structure obtained by making larger cross sections and massive buildings. Structural control is one of the solutions and important topics in both points of view of security and comfort in recent years. To reduce the effect of seismic energy, one of the structural forms used is the outrigger. In recent years, supplementary devices are installed into the outrigger structure so that damping of the structure increases and helps in mitigating the vibration, this concept is called damped outrigger. In this study, a damped outrigger structure replicating St. Francis Shangri-La Place skyscraper is excited for the El-Centro earthquake, and the Kobe earthquake is numerically modeled with viscous dampers and Magneto-Rheological damper to compare its effectiveness. The finite element approach is used for the analysis of the structure using Bernoulli’s Euler beam theory in modeling the core of the structure as a beam element. The state-space approach is used in modeling the structure, dampers, and controller interface in MATLAB and Simulink, then results are obtained for the peak value of displacement, acceleration, and mean values of the response of the structure. The results are discussed, which shows the significant distinction between uncontrolled and controlled responses.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.