Abstract. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of thermal and ultrasound disintegration on the disintegration degree (DD) of water treatment sludge from a municipal water treatment plant. A disintegration process was used to (i) improve subsequent coagulation efficiencies and dewatering processes (ii) reduce sludge production, and (iii) obtain both economic and enviromental benefits. The results show that using the disintegration process has an influence on DD values. It is also worth emphasising that the main parameter determining the efficiency of ultrasonic and thermal disintegration was the time of the applied process. Other parameters such as ultrasound intensity and temperature had a reduced impact on DD values.
An unified method of designing molecular formulae for all types hydrocarbons is proposed in this paper. The developed formula provides the molecular composition of hydrocarbons regardless of the number of chemical bonds and bond types or the number of rings they contain. Moreover, a small modification to that formula makes it suitable for deriving the molecular composition of hydrocarbons with oxygen atoms bound to carbon atoms with single and double bonds.
Keywords: molecular formulas of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbonsStreszczenie W artykule przedstawiono ujednolicony sposób ustalania wzorów sumarycznych dla wszystkich węglo-wodorów. Zaproponowano stosowanie jednego ogólnego wzoru słusznego dla wszystkich węglowodorów w miejsce oddzielnie stosowanych obecnie wzorów właściwych tylko dla jednej grupy związków. Opracowany wzór pozwala podać wzory cząsteczkowe bez względu na ilość i typ wiązań chemicznych, jak również ilość pierścieni. Ponadto niewielka modyfikacja tego wzoru pozwala podać wzory cząsteczkowe węglowo-dorów zawierających zarówno wiązania pojedyncze, jak i podwójne pomiędzy atomami węgla i tlenu.Słowa kluczowe: wzory cząsteczkowe węglowodorów, węglowodory 42
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