Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, characterised mainly as an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder. Its cause is unknown but multifactorial; however, some studies suggest that oxidative stress may be one of the sources, or a consequence of the disease, from loss of oxidant/antioxidant balance. This review studies glutathione, one of the most important agents of the endogenous antioxidant defence system, protecting cells from damage caused by oxidative stress. It evaluates glutathione and the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in various forms and stages of the disease. Analysis of a literature search suggests that the scientific community is not unanimous in its views, so more studies are required of patients with different forms of the disease and its manifestations, taking into account that the body functions as a whole and reacts in a compensatory manner. It would seem imperative to achieve a consensus on the pathogenesis responsible for severe disability, and explore sensitive biomarkers of its progression and indicators of oxidative stress. It is also important to promote the development of new therapies, with more studies on other substances such as acrolein, lipoic acid and dimethyl fumarate. Clarification of the mechanisms involved in oxidative stress, in different forms of multiple sclerosis, could result in improvements in the monitoring and prognosis of the disease, with subsequent increases in a patient's quality of life.
Introduction Childhood obesity is a natural response to the modern food environment. A daily consumption of sugar that exceeds the WHO recommendation by 40.7% of Portuguese children influence this condition. It is recognized that children spend more time watching television and youtube, absorbing commercials about food, being susceptible to these messages and negative health literacy. Nutrition marketing is involved in these ads and most of them promote foods high in fat, sugar and salt through persuasive techniques. Purpose Assess implications of exposure to nutritional marketing through television and YouTube on preferences, attitudes and consumption of children from 6 to 10 years old and contribute to the increment of health literacy. Materials and methods Data collection through two online questionnaires about television and youtube habits and children's food preferences, developed by the research team. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software. Results Forty-two students who were attending a private school, aged between 6 and 10 were evaluated. Access to youtube has led to less healthy choices for breakfast in 95% of students (p = 0.038). It was found that most children do not have TV in their room and have a more balanced breakfast (81%). Cereals, soft drinks and biscuits are foods groups that children see the most in the tv commercials (p = 0.001). Conclusions Exposure to nutritional marketing influences children's preferences, consumption and preferences. An active strategy should be encourage to increment health literacy levels at the family level influencing therefore children's healthier choices.
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