The antioxidative effects of methanol orange peel extract (MOPE) and butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) on stability of crude peanut oil (CPO) stored for twelve months in white transparent plastic bottles at room temperature (27-33 1C) were investigated. Extract of orange peel was prepared by dissolving 20 g of dried, ground and sieved sweet orange peel into 200 ml of methanol for three days. The methanol orange peel extract (MOPE) was added at varying concentrations (200-1000 ppm) to CPO. Another set of CPO which contained 200 ppm BHT as well as CPO that contained no additive was also set up. The colour and refractive indices of oil samples were immediately determined while free fatty acid (FFA), acid value (AV) and peroxide value (PV) of CPO samples were determined monthly using standard methods. The colour of CPO containing additives (MOPE and BHT) and that which contained no additive (0 ppm) was 30.0 units in 1/2 00 cell. The refractive index of CPO containing varying concentrations of MOPE ranged between 1.464 and 1.465 while CPO containing no additive (0 ppm) and 200 ppm BHT was 1.463. There was no significant difference at Po 0.05 in FFA, AV and PV of CPO containing MOPE, BHT and CPO containing no additive. The FFA, AV and PV of CPO containing additive (MOPE and BHT) were lower than that of CPO containing no additive. BHT was better in stabilizing hydrolytic rancidity of CPO while MOPE was superior to BHT in stabilizing CPO against oxidative rancidity. & 2015 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
The seed and pulp of Cola millenii were assessed with respect to their nutritional compositions and anti-nutrient factors. Also, the inhibitory activities were equally investigated. The result of the nutritional compositions of seed and pulp were in the range value; protein (4.10 to 5.76 g/100kg), crude fibre (2.22 to 2.83 g/100kg), crude fat (30.03 to 43.00 g/100kg), ash content (2.76 to 3.15 g/100kg), moisture content (6.90 to 9.80g/100g) and carbohydrate (10.46 to 13.79g/100kg). The result for mineral compositions showed that the seed and pulp contained the range value; calcium (168.73 to 394.78mg/100g), magnesium (459.47 to 610.29mg/100g), iron (446.56 to 1901.75mg/100g), zinc (310.26 to 481.53 mg/100g), manganese (100.02 to 555.32 mg/100g), sodium (140.99 to 187.15 mg/100g), potassium (356.47 to 417.72 mg/100g), and copper (7.80 to 9.90 mg/100g). The anti-nutrient factors detected in the seed and pulp was tannin, phytate and oxalate. The level of these anti nutrients were however low and might not pose any health hazard when compared to anti nutrients of 10-60mg/g in diet.The antimicrobial activities indicate that, the seed and pulp inhibits some species of bacteria. The result of the assessment implies that the seed and pulp can be used as a supplement because essential nutrients needed in the body were moderately present. Finally, the nutritional composition compares favourably with some common fruits.
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