Background. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity of infection, and risk factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis among children in Murbai and Surbai communities of Ardo-Kola Local Government Area (LGA), Taraba State, Nigeria. Methods. Urine samples were analysed by the standard filtration technique using 10 ml syringe, Swinnex polypropylene filter holder (13 mm diameter), and polycarbonate membrane filters (12 μm porosity). Sociodemographic data and water contact activities were collated from children using structured questionnaires. Results. A point prevalence of 58.54% was reported out of the urine samples examined. Males were significantly more infected than their female counterparts (71.15% versus 43.66%, χ 2 = 89.12, p = 0.000). The age-related prevalence showed 6–10 and 11–15 years significantly infected with 78.70% and 73.02%, respectively (χ 2 = 89.12, p = 0.000). Light intensity of infection, 62.51%, was significantly higher than heavy intensity, 37.48%, among the infected children (χ 2 = 365.8, p = 0.000). Water contact activities such as fishing (OR = 4.01, CI = 3.04–5.61, p = 0.000), rice farming (OR = 4.01, CI = 2.96–5.36, p = 0.000), and dry season farming (OR = 4.78, CI = 3.68–6.22, p = 0.000) were the risk factors exposing children to infection in the area. Conclusion. There is an urgent need to undertake a large scale deworming control programme using praziquantel in the area.
Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV infected pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was undertaken to determine malarial infection in HIV infected pregnant women in relation to sociodemographic and obstetrical factors. The study also assessed relationship between malarial infection and haemoglobin level,CD4+counts, and ART regimen, as well as predisposing risk factors that influenced occurrence of malarial infection in the women. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa. Haemoglobin level was determined using a hematology analyzer, while the flow cytometry was used to measureCD4+counts. Sociodemographic and obstetrical parameters were obtained through the administration of questionnaires. Of the 159 HIV infected pregnant women examined, 33.3% (59/159) had malarial infection. Malarial infection was significantly higher in pregnant women who were divorced, 40.24% (33/82)(χ2=5.72; P=0.05), were at their first trimester (4–12 weeks), 54.8% (17/31)(χ2=14.85; P=0.01), hadCD4+ = [201–500 cells/μL], 42.42% (42/99)(χ2=10.13; P=0.00), and those that had severe anaemia (<8 dg/L), 100.00%(χ2= 45.75; P=0.00). However, risk factors that influenced the occurrence of malarial infection in the pregnant women were occupation (farming)(AOR=0.226; P=0.03), marital status (divorced)(AOR=2.80; P=0.02), gestation (first trimester)(AOR=0.33; P=0.00), haemoglobin level (Hb < 8 dg/L)(AOR=0.02; P=0.00), andCD4+counts (lowCD4+)(OR=0.40; P=0.05). The study reported endemicity of malaria in HIV infected pregnant women living in rural areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Malarial infection was higher in women that were divorced, and at their first trimester, had lowCD4+count, and had severe anaemia. Farming, divorce, gestation, severe anaemia, and lowCD4+counts were predisposing risk factors that influenced malaria occurrence in the HIV infected pregnant women. It is advocated that HIV infected pregnant women should be properly and thoroughly educated on malaria preventive measures in rural areas so as to avoid unpleasant effect of malaria during their pregnancies.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of praziquantel in reducing urinary schistosomiasis prevalence, parasite burden and morbidity rates among a previously reported sample of Schistosoma haematobium-infected children. In addition, predisposing factors for reinfection one year post-treatment were also determined. Methods: This prospective follow-up study was conducted between March 2014 and February 2015 among 675 previously reported children with urinary schistosomiasis in the Murbai and Surbai communities of Ardo Kola, Taraba State, Nigeria. A single dose of 40 mg/kg of praziquantel was administered to each infected child, with a second dose administered one month later if necessary. The number of S. haematobium eggs in urine samples was calculated at baseline and post-treatment. Results: At four weeks post-treatment, the overall cure rate was 98.1%. Among children with low and heavy parasite burdens at baseline, egg reduction rates (ERRs) were 100% and 96.5%, respectively. The vast majority of children with microhaematuria (98.7%) and proteinuria (98.6%) at baseline were cured at follow-up. Following a second dose, the ERR, overall and morbidity cure rates increased to 100%. At one year post-treatment, 272 infected children (40.3%) were re-assessed; of these, 51 children (18.8%) were reinfected. Close proximity to bodies of water (odds ratio [OR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.998–1.530; P = 0.05) and fishing (OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 0.828–6.040; P = 0.01) were significant factors that predisposed children to reinfection. Conclusion: A moderate rate of reinfection was noted. Governmental and nongovernmental organisations in Nigeria should collaborate on mass treatment and health education campaigns to reduce the incidence of urinary schistosomiasis reinfections.Keywords: Urinary Schistosomiasis; Praziquantel; Treatment Outcome; Follow-Up Study; Nigeria.
: The prevalence of Emeria species of coccidian among domesticated pigeons (Columba livia domestica) was conducted for a period of one year from July 2016 to August 2017 in Maiduguri Metropolis to determine the prevalence of coccidian. Floatation method was used to concentrate the coccidian oocysts using saturated sucrose solution as per standard procedure (Soulsby, 1982) and Sporulation technique was used to determine the size and morphological characteristics of the oocysts. A total of 101 faecal sample were investigated with floatation method and prevalence rate was found to be (56.2%) has the highest prevalence, positive samples sporulated by 2.5 per cent potassium dichromate solution. Four coccidian under genus Eimeria were positively isolated viz., E. columbae (30.56) E. tropicalis (26.63) E. columbarum (22.00) and E. labeana (16.50) all found among the age and sex. The highest oocyst mean bodern is 30.56 that of Eimeria columbea and the least is 1.00 in E. tropicalis. Among the pigeon study the young pigeons were significantly more infected with p. value (< 0.05) (56.2 %) as compared to the adults with (4 4.70%) (p< 0.05) E. tropicalis presented the largest oocyst size of 21.5*20.5 µm while E. columbarum 14.5*12.5 which is the least size. E. columbae posses the longest sporulation time of 96 hours while E. columbarum has the shortest sporulation time of 25 hours. This study provides information on the prevalence and veterinary significance of Eimeria oocysts of pigeons in Maiduguri Metropolis.
Malaria and urogenital schistosomiasis are parasitic infections usually acquired unknowingly and sometimes cause anaemia and affect the nutritional status of persons in endemic areas. This study assessed asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma haematobium and their co-infection status with respect to the association of haemoglobin level and nutritional status in children and adolescents resident at Takum Local Government, a rural suburb of Taraba State, Nigeria. Thick blood films and urine filtration technique were used respectively to determine P. falciparum and S. haematobium species. Haemoglobinometer measured haemoglobin concentration and Body Mass Index determined nutritional status for each participant. The study reported 32.9% (87/264), 28.7% (76/264) and 30.3% (80/264) respectively for asymptomatic malaria, urogenital schistosomiasis and co-infection. Participants in Chanchanji community significantly had the highest asymptomatic P. falciparum infection, 56.4% (22/39) (p=0.003). Sufa and Manya communities respectively had the highest S. haematobium infection, 39.4% (15/38) (χ2= 41.3, p=0.000) and coinfection, 32.1% (12/37) (χ2= 52.45, p=0.000). A negative association was observed between anaemia and co-infection (r = -0.77, p=0.000) as well as between nutritional status and co-infection (r = -0.63, p=0.000). Participants who did not use LLTNs and lived close to water bodies were predisposed to co-infection with adjusted OR=0.003 (%95CI: 0.00 – 0.03; p=0.000). Birama and Manya areas highly predicted participants to co-infection with respective adjusted OR = 13.20 (%95CI: 2.34-74.38; p=0.003) and adjusted OR=57.9, (%95CI: 4.92-681.24, p=0.001). The co-infection predisposed participants to moderate and severe anaemia with respective adjusted OR of 2.198 (%95CI:1.307-3.696, p=0.021) and 1.192 (%95CI:0.355-4.009, p=0.017). Undernutrition was significantly affected with co-infection adjusted OR=3.732 (95%CI:1.003-7.393, p=0.011). Co-infection was significantly associated with anaemia and nutritional status at p≤0.05. It is recommended that the State and NGOs should provide malaria Intermittent Prevention Treatment as well as deworm the children and adolescents in Takum LGA.
Objectives Schistosomiasis is a blood fluke parasitic illness affecting human lives in rural endemic areas. This study evaluated the performance of Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM for screening urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Methods Three hundred and seventy four (374) urine samples were examined. Reagent strips, urine filtration and Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM were used for analysis. Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM used 2 mL of each serum for serological examination. Then, 3 mL of each preserved serum was sent to LDBIO Diagnostics, France for re-examination with Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM and confirmation with SCHISTO Western blot (WB) IgG. The performance of the index tests was determined using sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and positive likelihood ratio (PLR). The Youden index (YI) and diagnostic accuracy (DA) were used to determine the accuracy of each test. The statistical significance was at p-value ≤0.05. Results The test had a sensitivity of 94.9%, specificity of 63.9%, positive predictive value of 72.4%, negative predictive value of 92.6%, and positive likelihood ratio of 2.62. Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM had a good Cohen’s kappa index (κ=0.68), good Youden index (YI=0.58) and good diagnostic accuracy (DA=0.78). Conclusions Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM has proven to be the best technique for the screening of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria.
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