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The review presents a broad overview of the biomedical applications of surface functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agents for sensitive and precise diagnosis tool and synergistic combination with other imaging modalities. Then, the recent progress in therapeutic applications, such as hyperthermia is discussed and the available toxicity data of magnetic nanoparticles concerning in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications are addressed. This review also presents the available computer models using molecular dynamics (MD), Monte Carlo (MC) and density functional theory (DFT), as a basis for a complete understanding of the behaviour and morphology of functionalized IONPs, for improving NPs surface design and expanding the potential applications in nanomedicine.

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The inclusion of 3d-impurities Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) in a crystalline precipitate of ZnC 2 O 4 .2H 2 O is investigated. This study is a part of the systematic one deal with the mechanism of inclusion of 3d-ions in sparingly soluble oxalate systems. The experiments are carried out in bi-end multi-component systems at two different mediums -one with deficiency of oxalate ions, another with excess. Good agreement between included impurity and the concentration of its complex in the solution is established. The stability constant of monooxalato complex affects the impurity inclusion. This effect depends on the medium nature. In the deficiency of oxalate ions the factor determining the inclusion is thermodynamic one -stability of monooxalato complexes. In the excess of oxalate ions inserted amount depends on kinetic factor -the formation rate of these complexes. In the term of that the insertion of Mn(II) is definitely different in the two mediums while that of the Ni (II) does not depend on the medium. The copper shows deviation from overall dependence in the two mediums due to the Jahn-Teller distortion. Its double decreasing insertion in the excess of oxalate ions is related with stabilization of [Cu(C 2 O 4 )2] 2-. The conclusions presume that by varying the background medium and taking in view the ions present in the solution, the amount of inserted impurities can be predicted and controlled. IntroductionThe study of the sparingly soluble oxalate systems is related to their use as precursors in the synthesis of hightemperature superconductive ceramic materials, in the preparation of nanomaterials and a number of other new materials due to the fact that the precipitation processes provide the possibility of controlling the chemical and physical properties of the final products. Oxalate systems are traditionally used for the separation and concentration of elements, especially rare earth and transuranium elements. Detailed studies on the insertion of impurities upon the spontaneous crystallization of sparingly soluble oxalate systems are limited. Some of them are directed to the investigation of the effect of impurities on the properties of the materials [1][2][3][4]. Others deal with the effect of the process kinetics on the inserted amount of impurities [5][6][7] and with the determination of the distribution coefficients [8][9][10][11][12][13]. However, all these studies are carried out on bicomponent systems, comprising just a macro-and a micro-component. For this reason, a detailed investigation of the kinetics of the cocrystallization in oxalate systems directed to the elucidation of the mechanism of inclusion of impurities would clear up this problem. It would undoubtedly help the elucidation of the mechanism of the coprecipitation processes as well, since "the chemistry of oxalate coprecipitatiom processes and the nature of the products have not been well defined" [14]. The present study deals with the sparingly soluble compound ZnC 2 O 4 .2H 2 O, which is used as a starting material for the pr...

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