This study documents changes in antioxidants over a period of time in HAART-experienced subjects in a southern India setting.

Menarche and menopause demarcate the limits of potential reproductive life span in the female. A number of studies have conducted on this aspect in different endogamous population of Andhra Pradesh at different time's .For the present work the urban and rural areas of Kshatriya women have been taken to study and this population has not studied previously on this aspect. In the study population it has been observed that, the early menarche in urban area while late menarche more in rural area. The difference of mean menopausal age between rural and urban areas is not significant. The Present data is also compared with other Andhra population.

Background: Adipocytokines, secreted from the adipose tissues have profound effect on complex metabolic and endocrine functions. Among them, leptin and adiponectin are the most recognized molecules which influence body homeostasis and metabolism. Moreover, patients with thyroid disease usually exhibit disturbances of these metabolic activities. Thus adipocytokines and thyroid hormones may influence similar aspects of metabolic functions. Objective:The main objective of current study was to evaluate the association and impact of leptin and adiponectin on thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) among hypothyroid patients. Materials and Methods: For the present study a total 350 individuals were enlisted, out of which 200 were hypothyroid patients and 150 age and sex matched healthy controls aged ≥ 12 years. The serum TSH, leptin and adiponectin concentration were measured by CLIA method and results were computed by statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, standard error and correlation using MS-Excel 2007. Result: Our data showed that hypothyroidism was more prevalent in the age group 30-50(62%) and an elevated TSH level was observed with advancing age among the patients as compared to controls. The inverse relation of leptin and adiponectin has been seen among the patients. When patients were compared with controls, they were with normal values which were in the range of standardized lab values leptin (3.7-13ng/dl) and adiponectin (5-10µg/ml). Conclusion: In conclusion, our data interpreted variations in the level of leptin and adiponectin among the hypothyroid individuals with high TSH level. As abnormal levels of these adipocytokines indicates the risk for other metabolic diseases like cardiovascular disease, obesity etc. Leptin is a protein hormone encoded by the obesity gene (ob) acts as neurotransmitters to brain to maintain body weight. It is majorly produced from white adipose tissue, but can also be produced by other tissues like placenta, ovary, mammary epithelial cells, hypophysis, stomach, and liver. The normal level of leptin in female is 7-13ng/dl and in male is 1-5ng/dl. Its concentration increases in obesity, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and metabolic syndrome.2 Whereas adiponectin is a unique adipokine secreted by adipocytes has anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitizing properties. Clinically normal range of plasma adiponectin is 5-10µg/ml. Its concentration is decreased with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. 3Thyroid hormones are also crucial for the regulation of total energy consumption and body composition besides their roles in normal growth, development, and reproduction. The normal levels of these hormones i.e. T 3 , T 4 and TSH are in the range of 0.87-2nmol/L, 6.09-12.23nmol/L and 0.34-5.6µIU/L respectively. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with thyroid dysfunction. Clinical presentations are most commonly for hypothyroid and goiters and infrequently for hyperthyroidism.

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide and its rates are higher in low and middle income countries. India is one not exemplified from the developing countries. Aims: The main aim of the present work is a preliminary prospective screening study to observe the incidence of human papilloma virus (HPV) virus in the specimens of cervical biopsy taken from the patients of gynecology department of Visakha Steel General Hospital, RINL, Visakhapatnam district. Screening procedures like Pap smear, Colposcopy Immunohistochemistry (IHC) were done to identify the prevalence of HPV. It is an effort to assess and also improving the quality of cervical cancer prevention and treatment services in Visakhapatnam district of North coastal Andhra Pradesh. Settings and design: This prospective study was conducted at the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Visakha Steel General Hospital, RINL, Visakhapatnam district from January 2010 to December 2010. Materials and methods: The Pap test and colposcopic examination were conducted on 161 patients and IHC was done on 24 cervical biopsy patients. Results: The 87.58% of women was observed with abnormal Pap smear among that the severe dysplasia is around 10%. The abnormal cervix was seen by colposcopy is 89.44%. The 24 squamous metaplasia cases were subjected to IHC and 8 cases were found to be positive. Conclusion: Pap smear, colposcopy along with cervical biopsy for HPV can provide enough information for an accurate diagnosis of cervical cancer and also from the future course of action for the treatment of the patients.