We have developed and characterized graded-index optical fibers for the mid-IR spectral range, based on silver chlorobromide (AgClBr) crystals. A preform was fabricated by inserting a cylindrical rod made of AgCl(0.1)Br(0.9) into a tube made of AgCl(0.9)Br(0.1). The preform was heated in an oven, causing diffusion of Cl into the outer layer of the rod, thus reducing its index of refraction. The rod was removed from the tube and was then extruded through a die to form a graded-index fiber. Such a fiber was analyzed, investigated, and compared with a step-index fiber made of AgClBr. The attenuation of a 0.9-mm-diameter graded-index fiber was found to be 2.4 dB/m, and the attenuation of a 1.2-mm-diameter graded-index fiber was 4 dB/m at 10.6 microm.
IC 50 concentration of nano-formulation for 24 hours and cells were double stained with phalloidin and acridine orange. Changes on the cell morphology were photographed under a confocal microscope. Results and discussions The viability of the treated cells decreased with the increase of the applied concentration. IC 50 value of 3.20 mM for 24 hours. On the confocal micrographs of A549 cells exposed to IC 50 value of escin nano-formulation for 24 hours was seen many morphological alterations as disintegrated and deformed nuclei, chromatin and cytoskeleton, chromatin condensation also cell shrinkage and holes on cytoskeleton. Conclusion According to our laboratory studies and results, escin nano-formulation has been shown that escin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles induced apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells and caused morphological changes on these cells. As escin nano-formulation doses increased the viability of the treated A549 cells decreased. Escin nano-formulation caused holes on the skeleton of these cells and caused cells to shrink. It also triggered apoptosis of these cells. We suggest this drug as an alternative agent in the treatment of cancer but further investigations are needed. Introduction The vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit proton pump acting in multiple processes in eukaryotic cells. Alteration of V-ATPase activity is associated to a wide range of human diseases including cancer. We have recently showed that V-ATPase expression has a central role in glioma stem cells (GSC) maintenance. Therefore we aimed to get insights into the signalling associated with V-ATPase expression in GSC. Material and methods Signalling survey was performed using phospho-specific antibodies and the Cancer 10-pathway Reporter Luciferase Kit. GSC were treated with Ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) (10-50 mM), Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) (10 nM) and the ERK inhibitor PD98059 (10 uM) Cell Invasion through collagen matrix and sphere formation were evaluated after 48 hour of drugs treatment, while cell cycle, apoptosis and ROS production were evaluated by flow cytometry after 24 hour. Mitochondrial depolarization and activity were evaluated by flow cytometry after TMRE staining and western blot, respectively. Autophagy was analysed by western blot using an antibody to p62. All experiments were performed using primary GSC cultures with high and low levels of V-ATPase G1 subunit (V1G1 HIGH and V1G1 LOW ; n=3 each). Results and discussions The MAPK/Erk pathway was significantly upregulated in V1G1 HIGH GSC and V-ATPase impairment by BafA1 reduced Erk phosphorylation, besides decreasing lysosomal acidification. Therefore we investigated if this effect was specific for the pump activity or if it was related to lysosomal dysfunction or to MAPK/Erk signalling.
Cancer Initiating Cells -Cancer Stem Cells
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V-ATPASE G1 EXPRESSION IN HUMAN GLIOMA STEM CELLS CORRELATES WITH ERK ACTIVATIONThe comparison of the three drugs revealed that only BafA1 treatment induced cells death, reduced clonogenicity and invasion ab...
We fabricated silver bromide (AgBr) planar waveguides with a thickness of ≈20 μm and designed reflective grating couplers for coupling the radiation of a tunable CO2 laser into these waveguides. We found that the attenuation was 6–9 dB/cm. The waveguides were used as attenuated total reflection elements for the sensing of hazardous pesticides in water in concentrations higher than 25 ppm. This work will pave the way for developing integrated optical elements and circuits which are based on silver halides and which operate in a broad spectral range in the mid-IR. These will be useful as chemical sensors and as spatial elements in nulling interferometry.
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