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This paper presents the results of laboratory experiments carried out on an anaerobic digestion of food waste with respect to the effect of solid concentration and pH. Total solid (TS) content ranging from 5.0% to 15.0% and pH value ranging from 5 to 9 were analyzed. Laboratory scale experiments using 2 l bioreactors were performed in batch mode operated at mesophilic temperature condition with a hydraulic retention time of 30 days. The cumulative volume of biogas produced was used to measure the reactor performance. The methane and carbon dioxide composition of the gas produced was measured using infra-red gas analyzers. The kinetics of biogas produced has been predicted using three different models (Gompertz model, modified Gompertz model, and Logistic model). The experimental results showed that the solid concentration 7.5% of TS and 7 pH produced a maximum biogas yield. The kinetic study showed that modified Gompertz model produced perfect goodness of fit and root mean square error when compared to other two models.

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important non-coding, single-stranded RNAs possessing crucial regulating roles in human body. Therefore, miRNAs have received extensive attention from various disciplines as the aberrant expression of miRNAs are tightly related to different types of diseases. Furthermore, the exceptional stability of miRNAs has presented them as biomarker with high specificity and sensitivity. However, small size, high sequence similarity, low abundance of miRNAs impose difficulty in their detection. Hence, it is of utmost importance to develop accurate and sensitive method for miRNA biosensing. Electrochemical biosensors have been demonstrated as promising solution for miRNA detection as they are highly sensitive, facile, and low-cost with ease of miniaturization. The incorporation of nanomaterials to electrochemical biosensor offers excellent prospects for converting biological recognition events to electronic signal for the development of biosensing platform with desired sensing properties due to their unique properties. This review introduces the signal amplification strategies employed in miRNA electrochemical biosensor and presents the feasibility of different strategies. The recent advances in nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of miRNA were also discussed and summarized based on different types of miRNAs, opening new approaches in biological analysis and early disease diagnosis. Lastly, the challenges and future prospects are discussed.

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