Synthesis of nanoparticles by biological methods using microorganisms, enzymes or plant extracts has been suggested as possible ecofriendly alternative to chemical and physical methods which involve the use of harmful reducing agents. In the current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by green approach from methanolic leaf extract of Blighia sapida. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay, determination of total reductive potential, total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) of the synthesized AgNPs. SEM analysis revealed that the size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles ranged from 50-70 nm with maximum UV-vis absorbance at 413 nm. DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the synthesized AgNPs increased in a dose dependent manner as compared to ascorbic acid the standard reference used. This result confirmed that Blighia sapida is a potential biomaterial for synthesizing AgNPs which can be exploited for its antioxidant activity.
Carica papaya Linn. (Family: Caricaceae) is a perennial, herbaceous plant used traditionally among the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria for the treatment of various human and veterinary diseases including malaria, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, Jaundice, intestinal helminthiasis. Therefore, this study was designed to assess some of the effects of aqueous extract of C. papaya leaf on the liver of Streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic adult wistar rats. Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg STZ freshly dissolved in 0.1M Sodium Citrate at PH buffer at 4.5. Hyperglycemia was confirmed four days after injection by measuring the tail vein blood glucose level with an Accu-Check Sensor Comfort Glucometer (Roche, Mexico City). Only the animals with fasting blood glucose levels <200 mg/dl were considered diabetic. A total number of 48 adult wistar rats weighing between 100 -250 g of both sexes were used for this study. The rats were acclimatized to the experimental room having temperature of 25°C. Four groups were used for this study, group A served as the control which were fed with feeds and water ad libitum daily for six weeks and group B,C &D were induced with 60 mg/kg of STZ after which were diagnosed of diabetes after 4 days of induction. Group B served as the diabetic control group and were fed with only feed and water ad libitum daily for six weeks whereas, group C and D were treated with different doses of C. papaya extract (1.5 and 3.0 mg/100 mL) as drinking water daily for six week and were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the liver was removed and weighed before fixing in 10% formol saline for histological procedures. The result showed a significant decrease in body weight of diabetic -induced rats (P<0.05) while the body weights increased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic induced rats treated with 1.5 and 3.0 g/100 mL of the aqueous extract of C. Papaya leaves when the initial and final weights of the rats were compared at the end of treatment. However, the liver weights increased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic induced rats when compared with the diabetic rats treated with extract. The aqueous extract of C. papaya (1.5 and 3.0 g/100 mL) significantly decreased (P<0.05) blood glucose levels in diabetic treated rats. There was significant increase in serum biomarker enzymes: ALT, AST and ALP in diabetic rats (Group B) at P<0.05 when compared with control rats (Group A). Conversely, biomarker hepatic enzymes: ALT, AST and ALP decreased significantly (P<0.05) in diabetic rats treated with 1.5 and 3.0 g/100 mL aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves when compared with both Group A and Group B. The histological section of the liver of diabetic rats treated with 3.0 g/100 mL aqueous extract of C. papaya leaves showed improvement in hepatic histo-architecture as the extract ameliorated hepatic morphological disruption occasioned by induced diabetes in wistar rats. This study concluded that aqueous extract of C. papaya leaf ameliorated hepatic induced damage in the liver of Streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic adult wistar rats.
Silver nano particles (AgNPs) were green synthesized using Adansonia digitata leaf extract. The synthesized silver nano particles were characterized in terms of synthesis, size, shape, morphology and capping functionalities by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial activity of the synthesized silver nano particles was investigated by well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of the nano particle was studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeurigunosa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumonae while the antifungal activity was studied against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillum notatum and Rhizopus stolomifer. The synthesized AgNPs was active against all the studied microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible bacterium (inhibition zones ranging from 12.00 to 28.00 mm, MIC: 30 µl, MBC: 50 µl) while Aspergillus niger was the most susceptible fungi (inhibition zones ranging from 10.00 to 18.00 mm, MIC: 90 µl, MFC: 120 µl. In conclusion the synthesized silver nanoparticles was found to have antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria and fungi tested and hence has a great potential in biomedical application for the treatment of microbial infections.
This study investigated the histological and serum enzymatic activities of Azadirachta indica, an Indian medicinal plant, on the pancreas in streptozotocin induced diabetic adult wstar rats. Forty six adult wistar rats weighing 100 g to 220 g were randomly separated into four groups; Group A was regarded as the control , while group B was the diabetic group, C and diabeticextract treated group. The control group received distilled water throughout the experiment; the remaining three groups were induced with streptozotocin intra-peritoneally to induced diabetes in the wistar rats. After some days, the animals were confirmed diabetic with the help of a measuring glucometer. Thereafter, group B diabetic rats remained untreated while Group C and D were treated with a low dose (250 mg/kg) of the crude neem bark extract and a high dose (500 mg/kg) of the extract respectively for 42 days. The aqueous neem bark extract was suspended in the drinking water of the treated animals for the period of 42 days. The body weights of the animals were weighed weekly and likewise the measurement of the blood glucose level was taken. The animals were sacrificed at the end of 42 days by cervical dislocation and the pancreas was Ajibade et al.; AJRIMPS, 6(3): 1-9, 2019; Article no.AJRIMPS.47201 2 removed and weighed immediately using sensitive weighing balance. The blood samples were collected from the sacrificed animals into EDTA bottle for serum enzymatic analysis. The organ pancreas was fixed in a 10% formol saline, processed and stained with Heamatoxylin and Eosin for general histological study. The microscopic examination of diabetic group showed some degenerative and necrotic cells which made the pancreatic tissue distorted compared with the control that appeared normal. The diabetic group C and D rats treated with the extract showed ameliorative potentials of the extract with improvement in histo-architecture of the pancreatic tissue following recovery from damage. Analysis of the blood serum level showed that the aqueous neem bark extract has ameliorative effect on the enzymatic activities in serum of the treated rats. The alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in the crude extract-treated animals compared with the untreated group B and control group A with significantly increased ( P<0.05 ) enzymatic activities in wistar rats in these groups. The antioxidant status was compromised in diabetic group B with significantly increased (P<0.05) LPO, reduced SOD and GSH compared with significantly reduced (P<0.05) LPO, increased (P<0.05) SOD and GSH in group A-control and Group C and D diabetic-extract treated Wistar rats. Similarly, the blood glucose level increased significantly (P<0.05) in group B diabetic group compared with significantly reduced (P<0.05) blood glucose level in group A control as well as C and D extract-treated rats. The study concluded that crude extract of neem has ameliorative potentials on streptozotocin-induced diabetic wist...
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