A tangential hard x-ray (HXR) diagnostic on the newly constructed ENN XuanLong-50 (EXL-50) spherical tokamak for fast electron emission studies is presented. The HXR detection system consists of a symmetrical CdZnTe semiconductor detector array with a spectral sensitivity range of 20–300 keV. 25 channels have been designed on the 270° horizontal vacuum port with 12 sight lines to observe the forward emission, 12 sight lines to observe the backward emission of fast electrons, and 1 for viewing the central. Currently, ten channels have been in operation in the EXL-50 experiments. The systems are designed to measure the x-ray spectra for the estimation of fast electron temperature and electron velocity distribution in the EXL-50 experiment, which will be useful for understanding the dynamics of fast electrons generated by electron cyclotron resonance heating, for plasma instability and transport studies and for the analysis of plasma heating efficiency.
The development of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) enables improvements in the safety, smoothness, and energy efficiency of the road transportation systems. This paper addresses the problem of optimally controlling batteryelectric CAVs crossing an unsignalized intersection subject to a first-in-first-out crossing policy. The optimal velocity trajectory of each vehicle that minimizes the average energy consumption and travel time, is found by a decentralized model predictive control (DMPC) method via a convex modeling framework so as to ensure computational efficiency and the optimality of the solution. Numerical examples and comparisons with a centralized control counterpart demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed decentralized coordination scheme and the trade-off between energy consumption and travel time. Further investigation into the size of the sampling interval is also provided in order to show the validity of the method in practice.
Two-dimensional III-V binary compounds are considered as high-performance optoelectronic materials due to their tunable bandgap and unique photoelectric properties. In this research, the effects of strain engineering on the electronic properties and optical properties of hexagonal boron phosphide monolayer have been systematically studied by using first principles calculations. The bandgap is enlarged monotonously while the direct bandgap character remains as the strain increases from -10% (compression) to +10% (tension), suggesting its application prospect in flexible electronics. Interestingly, the hexagonal boron phosphide monolayer exhibits a large optical absorption coefficient in both visible and ultraviolet regions, and could reach 1.3 × 10 6 cm -1 in ultraviolet region. As compressive strain gets larger, the main peak of dielectric function as well as the edge of optical absorption appear redshift. In addition, the absorption spectrum broadens in visible light region and the light absorption intensity becomes larger in ultraviolet range with increasing compressive strain. The calculated optical properties prove that hexagonal boron phosphide monolayer is a suitable material as ultraviolet-visible dual band photodetectors and a potential auxiliary material for quantum cutting.
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