A genetic interaction (GI) between two genes generally indicates that the phenotype of a double mutant differs from what is expected from each individual mutant. In the last decade, genome scale studies of quantitative GIs were completed using mainly synthetic genetic array technology and RNA interference in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. These studies raised questions regarding the functional interpretation of GIs, the relationship of genetic and molecular interaction networks, the usefulness of GI networks to infer gene function and co-functionality, the evolutionary conservation of GI, etc. While GIs have been used for decades to dissect signaling pathways in genetic models, their functional interpretations are still not trivial. The existence of a GI between two genes does not necessarily imply that these two genes code for interacting proteins or that the two genes are even expressed in the same cell. In fact, a GI only implies that the two genes share a functional relationship. These two genes may be involved in the same biological process or pathway; or they may also be involved in compensatory pathways with unrelated apparent function. Considering the powerful opportunity to better understand gene function, genetic relationship, robustness and evolution, provided by a genome-wide mapping of GIs, several in silico approaches have been employed to predict GIs in unicellular and multicellular organisms. Most of these methods used weighted data integration. In this article, we will review the later knowledge acquired on GI networks in metazoans by looking more closely into their relationship with pathways, biological processes and molecular complexes but also into their modularity and organization. We will also review the different in silico methods developed to predict GIs and will discuss how the knowledge acquired on GI networks can be used to design predictive tools with higher performances.
It is shown that the inversion parameter, v, in the cubic spinel (MnvNil-v) [Mnz-vNiv]04 changes from 0.74 when the sample is quenched from a high temperature to 0.93 when slowly cooled. The cell parameter is a linear function of v and is a minimum when v is a maximum; the oxygen positional parameter is independent of thermal treatment. The short range order between nickel and manganese atoms in the B sites was examined and the correlation coefficients were determined. The variation of internal energy as a function of the degree of inversion was also calculated and discussed.
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Structure magn6tique du spinelle antiferromagn6tique ZnFe,O, Par B. BOUCHER, R. Bum') et M. PERRIN~) On a fabriqub et btudib par diffraction de neutrons un 6chantillon de ZnFe,O,. Ce corps est un spinelle normel. A 10,6 O K l'ordre antiferromagnbtique B grande distance s'6tablit. La maille magn6tique (a, a, 2 a ) a un volume double de celui de la maille chimique (a, a, a). Trois mod&les de structures magnbtiques rendent compte des rbsultats expbrimentaux. Les moments sont dirigbs suivant les axes [lo01 et [OlO]. A 4,2 O K le moment magnbtique du Fe3+ est 4,Op~.On dbtermine la variation de la valeur du moment en fonction de la tempbratwe.A sample of ZnFe,O, has been prepared and then studied by neutron diffraction in which a normal cubic spinel structure was found. At 10.6 O K long range antiferromagnetic order occurs. The volume of the magnetic cell (a, a, 2 q) is twice the chemical one (a, a, a). Three models of magnetic structures are in agreement with the experimental results. The magnetic moments lie along the [lo01 and [OlO] axes. At 4.2 OK the FeS+ moment is 4.0 pm A dependence of the magnitude of the magnetic moments with temperature has been obtained.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.