We have presented a detailed analysis of the phase transition kinetics and binding energy states of solution processed methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) thin films prepared at ambient conditions and annealed at different elevated temperatures. It is the processing temperature and environmental conditions that predominantly control the crystal structure and surface morphology of MAPbI3 thin films. The structural transformation from tetragonal to cubic occurs at 60 °C with a 30 minute annealing time while the 10 minute annealed films posses a tetragonal crystal structure. The transformed phase is greatly intact even at the higher annealing temperature of 150 °C and after a time of 2 hours. The charge transfer interaction between the Pb 4f and I 3d oxidation states is quantified using XPS.
The integration of 2 D graphene nanosheets and layered transition‐metal dichalcogenides has been recognized as one of the most extensive strategies for the synthesis of promising electrode materials for energy‐storage devices. In this study, cubic manganese diselenide (MnSe2) and hybrid reduced graphene oxide/MnSe2 (G‐MnSe2) materials were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. Metallic selenium impurities are considered to be a major unwanted byproduct in this method. An effective means to remove such bulk chalcogenides is a key challenge. For the synthesis of the G‐MnSe2 hybrid material, we used a strategy in which the graphene oxide was mixed with manganese and selenium precursors. Surprisingly, the final G‐MnSe2 product contained a negligible amount of selenium impurity. The MnSe2 and G‐MnSe2 hybrid materials were characterized in detail. For the first time, the electrochemical energy‐storage behavior of MnSe2‐based materials was assessed for supercapacitor applications. The specific capacitance of the MnSe2 electrode was approximately 57.8 mF cm−2, whereas the hybrid G‐MnSe2 electrode showed a much higher specific capacitance of 93.3 mF cm−2 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1. A symmetric cell made from the G‐MnSe2 hybrid material showed excellent long‐term stability for 4500 cycles and approximately 106 % retention of its initial capacitance, which is impressive compared with the cycle life of the MnSe2‐based symmetric cell (80 % capacitance retention at the 4500th cycle).
A self-powered supercapacitor based on a caffeine sensor electrode has been developed using an electrochemically deposited rGO/β-CD/MnO2 ternary composite with ionic liquid assistance.
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