Assessment of reaction pathways, kinetics and water toxicity during the photocatalytic degradation of glyphosate and myclobutanil pesticides has been performed in different aqueous matrices of increasing complexity, from the single pesticides to the mix of their commercial formulations. Using Aeroxide®-TiO2-P25 as reference UV-A (Ultraviolet A) light photocatalyst, the ability of photocatalysis to degrade glyphosate and myclobutanil pesticides in water was evidenced independently of the aqueous matrix complexity, complete mineralization into CO2, phosphate and chloride ions being achieved. Further, an unusual volcano-like TOC evolution profile resulting from the proposed glyphosate degradation pathway was observed whatever the aqueous matrix. Increasing the water matrix complexity from single pesticides to the commercial formulation mix reduced the degradation kinetics and consequently extended the time necessary for complete mineralization but, did not influence the overall pesticide fate profiles. This behavior was associated to the competitive adsorption of the organic matter onto the catalyst and to the presence of ions and inorganic matter.The co-presence of glyphosate and to lesser extent of Roundup® formulation additives strongly impacted the myclobutanil fate profile, due to preferential adsorption/degradation of glyphosate. By contrast, despite their impact on the degradation pathway, the inorganic additives of the Systhane® formulation influenced to a lesser extent both myclobutanil removal duration and TOC removal compared to glyphosate/Roundup® products. The treatment allowed for most of the cases a strong reduction of acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrate test organisms (D.magna) whatever the water matrix complexity, while the ecotoxicity was reduced by half for the complex formulation mix.

An isolate of raspberry ringspot nepovirus (RRV-P) commonly found infecting grapevine in localised areas of the German Palatinate, was serologically closely related to, but distinguishable from, the English type strain of this virus (RRV-E) which is transmitted by Longidorus macrosoma. However, unlike RRV-E, RRV-P had a restricted herbaceous host range and produced symptoms reliably in only two hosts, Chenopodium quinoa and Nicotiana occidentalis-accession 37B: these symptoms were a faint systemic vein clearing which, on most occasions in C. quinoa, was transient. In in vitro studies with herbaceous plant sap, RRV-P infectivity was lost after diluting 1/100 -1/500, after storage at 20°C for 1-3 days and at 4°C for 45 days: for similar studies with RRV-E, the values were 1/125 000, and more than 15 days at 20°C and 4"C, respectively. RRV-P was difficult to purify in quantity and in most preparations seemed to sediment as a single component corresponding to 'bottom' component of RRV-E. Purified particles of RRV-P, like those of RRV-E, contained a major polypeptide and two RNA species of M , 54 000, 2.6 X lo6 and 1.6 X lo6 respectively. There was no evidence from RNA preparations from purified virus particles or, from analysis of dsRNA from infected plants, that RRV-P contained a satellite RNA. The incidence of RRV-P in vineyards was not associated with the presence in soils of Longidorus nematodes, but was associated with the distribution in the Palatinate of Paralongidorus maximus. Furthermore, results from an experiment in Germany in a vineyard planted with healthy grapevines in soil fumigated to destroy nematodes, showed spread of RRV-P into these plants from an adjoining source of infected grapevines and soil infested with P. maximus. In laboratory studies, RRV-P was transmitted by P. maximus at a very low level between grapevines (used as the virus source and test plants) but not to, or between, herbaceous hosts.

Zusammenfassung: In mehrjährigen Untersuchungen wurde an der SLFA Neustadt ermittelt, über welche Eintragspfade Pflanzenschutzmittel nach einer Anwendung im Weinbau in die Oberflächengewässer gelangen können. Wirkstoffablagerungen auf befestigten Wirtschaftswegen und Hofabläufe stellen dabei mit ca. 80 bis 90% die beiden wichtigsten Quellen für Verunreinigungen von Gewässern mit Pflanzenschutzmitteln dar. Gegenmaßnahmen müssen daher in erster Linie an diesen Stellen ansetzen. Neben technischen Maßnahmen die das Abtropfen, die Abdrift auf Wege und Leckagen vermindern, verringern zum Beispiel begrünte Randstreifen von 1,50 m Breite und mehr, die Kontamination der Wege zu 95%. Auch alle Maßnahmen, die ein Versickern von Niederschlägen auf der Fläche ermöglichen, verringern den Eintrag von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in die Gewässer. Zur Vermeidung von Pflanzenschutzmitteleinträgen in die Kanalisation müsste als Sofortmaßnahme die Reinigung der Spritzgeräte auf den landwirtschaftlichen Flächen erfolgen und die verdünnten Restmengen mit dem Waschwasser auf der Rebfläche ausgebracht werden. An der SLFA Neustadt werden mit dem Bio‐Bett‐ und dem PHYTOPUR®‐System derzeit Verfahren untersucht, die eine Reinigung der Spritzgeräte in den Höfen ermöglichen, ohne dass Pflanzenschutzmittel in die Kanalisation gelangen.

The plant-pathogen fungus Trichothecium roseum produces in vitro as well as in vivo the toxic metabolites trichothecin, trichothecolone and rosenonolactone. Trichothecin is cytotoxic and inhibits the alcoholic fermentation. It is not metabolized by yeast during the alcoholic fermentation. All toxins showed a minor biological activity against microorganisms other than yeast. Trichothecin caused a bitter taste in wine at higher toxin concentrations (greater than 5 mg/l). Trichothecin was detected in a few samples of wine of higher quality.

An isolate of raspberry ringspot nepovirus (RRV-P) commonly found infecting grapevine in localised areas of the German Palatinate, was serologically closely related to, but distinguishable from, the English type strain of this virus (RRV-E) which is transmitted by Longidorus macrosoma. However, unlike RRV-E, RRV-P had a restricted herbaceous host range and produced symptoms reliably in only two hosts, Chenopodium quinoa and Nicotiana occidentalis-accession 37B: these symptoms were a faint systemic vein clearing which, on most occasions in C. quinoa, was transient. In in vitro studies with herbaceous plant sap, RRV-P infectivity was lost after diluting 1/100 -1/500, after storage at 20°C for 1-3 days and at 4°C for 45 days: for similar studies with RRV-E, the values were 1/125 000, and more than 15 days at 20°C and 4"C, respectively. RRV-P was difficult to purify in quantity and in most preparations seemed to sediment as a single component corresponding to 'bottom' component of RRV-E. Purified particles of RRV-P, like those of RRV-E, contained a major polypeptide and two RNA species of M , 54 000, 2.6 X lo6 and 1.6 X lo6 respectively. There was no evidence from RNA preparations from purified virus particles or, from analysis of dsRNA from infected plants, that RRV-P contained a satellite RNA. The incidence of RRV-P in vineyards was not associated with the presence in soils of Longidorus nematodes, but was associated with the distribution in the Palatinate of Paralongidorus maximus. Furthermore, results from an experiment in Germany in a vineyard planted with healthy grapevines in soil fumigated to destroy nematodes, showed spread of RRV-P into these plants from an adjoining source of infected grapevines and soil infested with P. maximus. In laboratory studies, RRV-P was transmitted by P. maximus at a very low level between grapevines (used as the virus source and test plants) but not to, or between, herbaceous hosts.