Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) is a non-invasive, full field optical measuring technique that has become one of the dominant tools for obtaining velocity information in fluid motion. In PTV experiments, the fluid of interest is seeded with fluorescent tracer particles, where measurement of individual particle displacements, recorded by means of digital camera at two instances of time, is further used to ascertain overall flow motion. Upper limit of a flow speed a PTV system can measure is bound by the frame rate of a camera used, and the system's accuracy is limited by the accuracy of the particle centroid estimation.In order to increase the upper limit, we investigated the use of CCD binning option, which doubles camera frame rate, preserves effective field of view, suppresses photon and readout noise of CCD at the expense of loss in spatial resolution. This study provides quantitative assessment of tradeoff between aforementioned advantages of binning over the loss in spatial resolution, which can increase uncertainty in particle centroid estimation.We carried our experiments using scientific grade PixeFly camera and analyzed 1μm and 1.9μm size red fluorescence polystyrene microspheres, placed on a quartz glass plate, by the Hirox variable zoom lens (1-10x) conjugated with a OL-700II objective. For each binning mode (horizontal, vertical and composite), we investigated and reported estimation errors of various cross-correlation and center of mass based centroid localization methods, using more than 100.000 particle image pairs. We found that, performing vertical binning in the context of laminar flows doubled measurable flow rate, while caused only a negligible estimation error in the order of hundredth of a pixel.
Water meters of different types and sizes are used to monitor and bill the water supply. Although the water is of drinking water quality, its chemo-physical properties often enough adversely affect the measuring behaviour of a meter after a while. There is thus the risk that they no longer meet the legal requirements and may no longer be used. In this paper a test regime with a focus on pH, total hardness and particle load is presented which allows water meters to be tested closer to their operating conditions prior to placing them on the market. The regime goes beyond the conventional continuous durability test as described in OIML R49:2013(E) and ISO 4064:2014. The feasibility and reliability of the test regime has been demonstrated through implementation at different facilities. In the study, the measurement performance of water meters of various types and from different manufacturers was also investigated. A heterogeneous spread of measurement errors was found for both, water meters in mint conditions and those which were exposed to a defined water quality. Furthermore, compared to the conventional continuous durability test, the test regime developed in the study generally leads to stronger changes in the measurement error of the water meters.
Abstract. In this work we present an experimental investigation of the employment usage application of the vertical pixel binning (PB) option for PIV (particle image velocimetry) measurements. The PB option increases the speed of a CCD, at the cost of loosing spatial resolution. Consequently, it is expected that PB will positively impact the dynamic velocity range of the PIV measurements. In order to show the benefit of the CCD PB option in PIV measurements, we have carried out series of microPIV experiments on laminar flows, seeded with 1 µm fluorescent polystyrene microparticles and passing through a 200 µm × 200 µm × 50 000 µm microchannel. The flow images were recorded at normal, 2 × 1, and 3 × 1 vertical PB modes of a monochrome CCD camera. The experimentally obtained velocity profiles were calculated using the ensemble-averaged cross-correlation method and Gaussian sup-pixel interpolation and then compared with theoretically calculated velocity profiles. We found that the error introduced by the PB option did not exceed the inherent uncertainty of the PIV system used. For a particular PIV system CCD camera, using the PB option allowed an increase in the dynamic velocity range of a PIV system by more than a factor of two, without extra investments.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.