The known theory and experience of energy-saving architecture allow solving the article's task and ensuring sufficient insolation, passive solar heating, and occupants contact with nature through semi-basement windows. The goal is a full-fledged use of the semi-basement space achieved for seismically active regions with a moderate, cold, and hot climate by ensuring the normative seismic-resistance, energy-efficiency, and microclimate of the building and preventing influence of thermal bridges and mold growth. The set of recommendations also covers the provision of the required sanitary-hygienic conditions in the semi-basement rooms. The multidisciplinary problem is solved by integrating the methodologies of various fields of science. By means of numerical investigations, it established that the soil adjacent to the semi-basement foundation wall increases the thermal mass and building envelope heat-protection capacity. The isotherms and the intensity of heat fluxes made it possible to eliminate the effect of thermal bridges that interact with the soil and outside air. The expedient thickness and width of the additional layer of thermal insulation of thermal bridge zones in excess of the normative layer of the enclosure's thermal insulation were established. The graphical dependence of the wall's inner corner temperature from this width allows selecting the microclimate level. A multilateral contribution to building improvement is derived from a single-family home example: comfortable microclimate conditions have been created in the semi-basement for placing main rooms there; energy savings for heating this space is 16-20%; saving of monolithic frame and foundation concrete is 10-12% ensuring the higher than normative building seismic-resistance.
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Economy in natural gas together with an increase in the quality of fired parts are basic problems in the production of refractories.A large quantity of natural gas is consumed in the refractory industry in kilns.The use of most progressive types of thermal equipment for firing parts and optimization of the firing system will lead both to significant economy in natural gas and to acceleration of the firing processes.In recent years there has been an increase in the production of high-quality oxide refractories, which makes improvement in the method of their production, in particular the method of firing important.For firing these parts, more and more use is being made of batch furnaces, in the working space of which it is possible to obtain the required high temperatures.However, significant disadvantages, the primary of which is the large fuel requirement per unit of production, are inherent in firing in batch furnaces.For example, at Magnesite Combine 1250 kg of standard fuel is consumed in batch furnaces for firing one ton of magnesite inserts for the plates of slide valves.Firing of such parts in continuous furnaces requires several times less fuel.The use of continuous kilns is restrained by the fact that in them it is not possible to obtain temperatures of 1750-1850~ and to maintain the required firing cycle.Recently small tunnel kilns with an ejector system of firing [1][2][3], which are promising both from the point of view of obtaining high firing temperatures and in respect to flexibility in regulation of the thermal cycle, have been used.These furnaces are capable of replacing batch furnaces.It should be noted that kilns with an ejector system of firing require further improvement and optimization of the thermal cycle.In Snigirevka Division of Vnukovo Refractory Part Plant corundum parts are fired in small kilns with an ejector system of firing.The length of the kilns is 15 and 17 m. The temperature in them did not exceed 1650-1680~ Attempts to increase the temperature for the purpose of higher quality firing did not provide positive results.In the construction of a new high-temperature tunnel kiln the disadvantages of the thermal operation of existing small kilns were taken into consideration.Individual portions of the equipment were modernized, which made it possible to substantially improve the technical and economic indices of the kiln.For example, the use of the controllable gas burners developed in the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute for the Utilization of Gas made it possible to more flexibly control the thermal operation of the kiln. The installation, in addition to the lower burners, of an upper row of burners led to more uniform heating of the parts through the height of the charge.The thermal losses to the atmosphere in the high-temperature portion of the kiln were decreased by additional insulation of the roof.The height of the sand seals was increased, as the result of which gas exchange of the working area of the furnace with the atmosphere was decreased. The length of the kiln is ...
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