Twenty Holstein dairy cows in early lactation were allocated equally to one of two treatments on the basis of age, days in milk, and mean daily 2-wk pretrial milk yield. All animals were fed a total mixed ration; the ration for the treatment group was top-dressed with 90 g/d of yeast culture, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Treatment period lasted 10 wk. Mean daily DM intake, milk production, milk composition, and BW were not significantly affected by treatment. Feed and fecal samples were collected the last 3 d of the treatment period to determine apparent total tract nutrient digestibility using ADF insoluble ash as the inert marker. No significant differences in digestibility were observed between treatment groups for CP, ADF, and NDF.
Background
Medication Errors are among the most common types of incidents reported in Australian and international hospitals. There is no uniform method of reporting these errors and no uniform method of reducing them. This study aims to identify the incidence, time trends, types and factors associated factors with medication errors in a large regional hospital.
Methods
A five-year cross sectional study
Results
The incidence of medication errors was 1.05 per 100 admitted patients. The highest frequency of errors was observed during the colder months of May to August. When distributed by day, Mondays and Tuesdays had the highest frequency of errors. When distributed by hour of the day, time intervals from 7am to 8am and 7 pm to 8pm showed a sharp increase in the frequency of errors. 1088 (57.8%) MEs belonged to ISR 4 and 787 (41.8%) belonged to ISR 3. There were 6 incidents of ISR level 2 and only 1 incident of ISR level 1 reported in the last 5 years. Administration only errors were the most common accounting for 1070 (56.8%) followed by prescribing only errors (433, 23%). High risk medications were associated with half the number of errors, the most common of which were narcotics (17.9%) and anti-microbials (13.2%).
Conclusions
Medication errors continue to be a problem faced by hospitals internationally. Inexperience of health professionals and nurse-patient ratios might be the fundamental challenges to overcome. Specific training of junior staff in prescribing and administering medication and nurse workload management could be possible solutions to reducing MEs in hospitals.
Third-cutting alfalfa hay harvested at bud stage and wilted to approximately 65% moisture was treated with a live bacterial inoculant at the rate of 300,000 cfu/g fresh alfalfa. Treated alfalfa was packed in polyethylene bags. Samples were taken at time of ensiling and d 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 28 postensiling. Mean pH was lower in the treated haylage (5.09 and 5.71 for treatment and control, respectively). Mean temperatures were higher in the treated haylage (30.0 and 28.0 degrees C for treatment and control, respectively). Mold count, water-soluble carbohydrate, alpha amino nitrogen, CP, and ADF were not affected by treatment. Regardless of treatment, pH, mold counts, and water-soluble carbohydrates declined with time. There was no significant difference between treatments for DM intake, milk production, and milk composition.
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