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We performed a retrospective evaluation of survival and patterns of failure in 317 consecutive endometrial cancer patients treated between 1974 and 1991 with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. Two hundred and forty seven patients (78%) had FIGO stage I disease, 30 (9%) - stage II, 35 (11%) - stage III and 5 (2%) - stage IV. Both low dose rate brachytherapy (BRT) and external beam radiation (EBRT) were applied in 247 patients (78%), only BRT in 49 (15%), and only EBRT in 21 (7%). Median follow-up was 7.3 years. Five-year overall survival was 75%, and five-year disease free survival was 81%. Both overall and disease free survival rates were correlated with stage (P = 0.001 and P = 0.000, respectively). Recurrence occurred in 70 patients (22%): 11 (3.5%) in the pelvis, 51 (16%) outside the pelvis and 6 (2%) both in- and outside the pelvis. Independent risk factors for local recurrence included older age (P = 0.03) and variant histologic subtypes (P = 0.039), whereas independent risk factors for distant spread were stage (P = 0.000) and older age (P = 0.011). Normalized Total Dose (the sum of EBRT and BRT doses, based on linear-quadratic equation), type of radiotherapy regimen, overall radiotherapy time and surgery-to-radiotherapy interval did not correlate with the risk of relapse. Severe early and late radiotherapy complications were observed in 21 (7%) and 35 patients (11%), respectively. In view of the relatively low risk of exclusive pelvic recurrences and the high rate of severe late radiotherapy complications, indications for postoperative radiotherapy and its scheme should be verified. A relatively high rate of extrapelvic recurrences calls for effective systemic adjuvants to surgery. Further definition of high risk patients is warranted in order to tailor postoperative therapy to the prognostic factors and to increase the therapeutic index of management of endometrial cancer.