This experiment was consummated under shade at the nursery of Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt during 2013 and 2014 seasons to explore the effect of some pre-sowing treatments, viz. control (untreated seeds), seeds without mucilage, soaking in tap water for 24, 48, 72 h under ambient conditions, soaking in hot water (60-70C) for 24h, soaking in absolute ethanol (97%) for either 12 or 24 h and soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid (98.5%) for 3 min on germination measurements of Elephant apple (Dillenia indica L.) seeds and growth of the produced seedlings. The obtained results have shown that seeds of control and those soaked in either hot water or ethanol for 24 h failed to germinate, while seeds without mucilage and those soaked in ethanol for 12 h gave the least germination percentage in the two seasons. The other treatments, however significantly improved germination %, with the superiority of soaking in concentrated H 2 SO 4 for 3 min treatment, which elevated such parameter to 100% in both seasons. Besides, germination % was found to progressively increase with elongating soaking period in tap water to reach 100% in the first season and 83.33% in the second one by the longest soaking period (72 h). The germination velocity and mean germination rate were accelerated and the indices of germination rate and vigour, seeds viability and plumule length were significantly improved by some treatments used in this trial, but the prevalence was also for acid treatment which followed by soaking in tap water for 72 h treatment. Similarly, were those result of seedling growth traits and leaf content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, total soluble sugars, indoles and phenols, as the soaking in concentrated H 2 SO 4 for 3 min treatment scored the best growth of the seedling and the highest content of the various constituents which was accompanied with the least content of total phenols. Also, soaking in tap water for 72 h occupied second rank. So, it advised to soak Elephant apple (Dillenia indica L.) tree seeds either in concentrated sulfuric acid (98.5%) for 3 min or in tap water for 72 h to obtain the best germination and quality of seedlings.
The present study was conducted at the Postharvest Lab. of Ornamental Plants and Landscape Gardening Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., Giza, Egypt in March of 2016 and 2017 seasons, to examine the effect of some pulsing solutions on improving the quality of limonium cut flowers. Limonium cut flowers were pulsed in silver thiosulfate (STS) at 500 mg/l for 1/4 and 1/2 h, silver nitrate (AgNO 3) at 500 mg/l for 1/4 and 1/2 h, AgNO 3 at one g/l for 1/4 and 1/2 h, sodium benzoate at 250 mg/l for 12 and 24 h, sodium benzoate at 500 mg/l for 12 and 24 h, daminozide at 25 mg/l for 12 and 24 h and daminozide at 50 mg/l for 12 and 24 h followed by transferring to a holding solution 8-hydroxyqunoline sulphate (HQS) at 200 mg/l + sucrose (20 g/l). Distilled water was used as a control treatment. The obtained results indicated that treatment of Limonium sinuatum cv. Girlie Wings cut flowers treated by STS at 500 mg/l for 1/2 h enhanced water uptake, relative fresh weight, dry weight percentage of cut flowers, floret opening percentage, pigments content, total carbohydrate percentage and total phenols as well as inhibiting growth of all isolated microorganisms and improved quality of flowers, followed by cut flowers treated with STS at 500 mg/l for 1/4 h then AgNO 3 500 mg/l for 1/2 h.
and 2013 seasons to explore the effect of silver thiosulphate solution (STS) applied as foliar spray or as immersing solution for 10, 20 and 30 minutes (control spikes were immersed in distilled water), cold storage at 5 C, vertically or horizontally for 2 or 4 days, beside control treatment in which spikes were kept at room temperature and their interactions on water relations, longevity and quality of Gladiolus hybridus cv. "White Prosperity" cut spikes. After each treatment, the bases of spike stems were held in 10 % sucrose solution till the end of the experiment. The obtained results showed that STS pulsing treatments caused a significant increment in the amount of water uptaken by cut Gladiolus spikes, and significantly decreased, the amount of water loss compared to control in most cases of the two seasons. These treatments were also improved floret diameter, vase life, spike fresh and dry weights, dry weight %, opening %, leaf content of chlorophyll a, b and reducing sugars % in the leaves petals, and decreased wilting %, and carotenoids content in the leaves and total sugars % in the leaves and petals. However, the prevalence was for immersing in STS solution for 10 min treatment, which gave the best values in most previous characters with few exceptions in both seasons. Storage at room temperature or at 5C, vertically or horizontally for 2 or 4 days alternated improving means of previous characters with the mastery of horizontal cold storage treatment for 2 days, which recorded the best results in most cases. The interaction treatments also induced a marked improvement in most measurements, but the dominance was for the combining between immersing in STS solution for 10 min. and horizontal cold storage for 2 days, as this combination gave the best water relations, the longest vase life and the highest quality compared to the other individual and combined treatments. Accordingly, it is recommended to immerse the cut spikes of Gladiolus cv. "White Prosperity" in STS solution for 10 min and then holding them in 10 % sucrose solution at room temperature for local marketing or storage them after immersing in STS solution, horizontally for at least 2 days at 5 C for shipment abroad.
Pot experiments were carried out at the nursery of Hort. Res. Inst, Giza, Egypt throughout the two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015. The work embodied in this paper was to study the influence of some growth regulators (daminozide, ancymidol and ethephon) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Sunrich Orange Summer 981V) plant for achieving the hope of producing dwarf plant of good quality. The objective of this investigation was to detect the response of sunflower plants to tank mix ratios and application methods of ancymidol, daminozide and ethephon for production of a dwarfed and picturesque specimen in an appropriate size. The results indicated that all the used combinations significantly decreased stem length of the treated plants. The shortest stems and internodes were obtained by ancymidol at either 5 or 20 ppm (seed soaking) + 500 ppm ethephon (spray). Stem diameter was increased by all combinations to reach the maximum by 5 ppm ancymidol (spray) + 500 ppm ethephon (spray). The number of internode/stem was not greatly affected by the used combinations. However, the number of leaves/plant was significantly increased by all treatments. Also, all combinations caused a marked increment in the root length, with the superiority of 20 ppm ancymidol (seed soaking) + 2450 ppm daminozide (spray), which scored the longest roots in the two seasons. Spraying plants with 5 ppm ancymidol + 250 ppm ethephon or 20 ppm ancymidol + 500 ppm ethephons induced the greatest precocity in flower bud appearance and opening. Seed soaking in 20 ppm ancymidol solution and spraying with 1250 ppm daminozide reduced number of days from flower bud appearance to its opening. The mean number of lateral buds/stem, number of ray flowers/head and disc diameter were significantly improved, with few exceptions due to the different combinations than control plants in both seasons. Data, revealed that the highest content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and total phenols were scored by spraying with either 5 or 20 ppm ancymidol + 500 ppm ethephon solutions. Total indoles and total soluble sugars were inconsistent and the percent of N was generally decreased. As for P%, it increased by most combinations, but K% increased only by combining between ancymidol + ethephon.
Pot experiments were carried out at the nursery of Hort. Res. Inst, Giza, Egypt throughout the two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015. The work embodied in this paper was to study the influence of some growth regulators (daminozide, ancymidol and ethephon) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Sunrich Orange Summer 981V) plant for achieving the hope of producing dwarf plant of good quality, suitable for using as a pot plant. Results indicated that most treatments reduced stem length of the treated plants with the superiority of 2450 ppm daminozide treatment which induced 50% reduction in such trait, compared to the control plants in the two seasons. However, stem diameter and number of internodes/stem were improved in response to all the used treatments. Internode length, stem fresh and dry weights were decreased with few exceptions, but the greatest decrease in these criteria was attained by daminozide treatment at any rate and ethephon one at 250 ppm. Number of leaves/plant were increased by the various treatments. Root length increased over control with few exceptions in both seasons. However, the highest averages in most measurements were achieved by ancymidol, especially at 20 ppm level. A significant flowering earliness in the two seasons was noticed in plants sprayed with ethephon at 250 ppm. The least number of days from flower bud appearance to opening was obtained by the 20 ppm ancymidol treatment, but the plants treated with the other treatments took longer time to anthesis. Ethephon treatments elevated the mean number of lateral buds/stem to the maximum, while ancymidol ones gave the largest flower heads. Number of ray flowers/head, disc diameter and flower head fresh and dry weights were improved due to most treatments. Content of photosynthetic pigments were slightly improved with few exceptions. Total phenols content reached the maximum by ancymidol treatments, followed by the ethephon ones. However, total indoles content was not affected by most of the used treatments. In addition, the percent of total soluble sugars was increased by ancymidol at 5 ppm, daminozide at 2450 ppm and ethephon at 500 ppm treatments, while other treatments declined it. On the other hand, the percent of N, P and K was generally decreased in response to the various treatments, with few exceptions as compared to control.
An experiment was established under plastic house at the nursery of Hort. Res. Inst., ARC, Giza, Egypt during 2012 and 2013 seasons to find out the effect of foliar spraying with active dry yeast solution at 0, 1, 3 and 5 g/l, soil drenching with NPK mixture (2:2:1) at 2 g/pot and the interaction between each level of yeast and that of NPK mixture on growth and chemical composition of 3-months-old transplants of Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Diter. grown in 14-cm-diameter plastic pots filled with about 1 kg of an equal mixture of washed sand, clay and peatmoss (1:1:1, by volume.)The obtained results indicated that various single and combined treatments improved all vegetative and root growth parameters with various significant differences compared to the control in both seasons. Active dry yeast alone at 3 g/l treatment gave better result than the other individual ones, whereas comparing between any level of dry yeast combined with NPK (2 g/pot) was more effective in improving vegetative and root growth of plants than all the individual treatments, the interaction between 3 g/l active dry yeast and 2 g/pot NPK recorded the best growth at all in both seasons. On the same line were those results of pigments content in the leaves reached maximum by 3 g/l dry yeast, but the opposite was right regarding the percentages of total soluble sugars, N, P and K content those reached the highest values by the level of 5 g/l dry yeast in most cases of both seasons. However, content of those constituents was doubled by connecting between active dry yeast at any level and NPK mixture 2 g/pot, with the prevalence of 3 g/l active dry yeast plus 2 g/pot NPK combination, that gave the highest content in the two seasons.Hence, it can be recommended to fertilize Peperomia obtusifolia cv. Variegata plants cultivated in 14-cm-diameter plastic pots with active dry yeast at 3 g/l (as a foliar spray) plus NPK mixture (2:2:1) at 2 g/pot (as a soil drench), 5 times with one month interval to obtain the best vegetative growth and high pot plant quality.
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