Background:Many patients consider removal of caries to be a very unpleasant experience. Removal of caries with conventional drill is considered traumatic mainly due to fear and anxiety of children and their parents. Minimally invasive dentistry adopts a philosophy that integrates prevention, remineralization, and minimal intervention for the placement and replacement of restorations, thus reaching the treatment objective using the least invasive surgical approach, with the removal of the minimal amount of healthy tissues. Chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) is a method for minimally invasive, gentle dentin caries removal based on biological principles which is an effective alternative to the traditional method. The present study was done to compare the microhardness of sound dentin before and after carious removal using a chemomechanical method and a conventional method.Materials and Methods:The present in vitro study was done on 28 proximal surfaces of fourteen extracted primary molars (with active caries on one proximal surface and sound side as control). The study was done to assess the Knoop microhardness of remaining dentinal surface after caries removal using a slow speed conventional bur and a chemomechanical method (Carie-Care™). Results andConclusion:The rotary instrument group showed a consistent microhardness value with not much difference according to depth. The chemomechanical group showed a lesser microhardness value closer to the cavity floor than away from it. The microhardness values at all depths were significantly different for each treatment group with an increased value seen in the rotary group. The mean microhardness values of residual dentin in treated side were found to be insignificant when compared among each interval in each group. The microhardness of sound dentin had high significant difference from that of residual dentin in both the rotary group and the chemomechanical group.
The applications of nanotechnology significantly benefit clinical practices in cancer diagnosis, management and treatment. This article reveals the application of nanotechnology in cancer treatment by using the different strategies for example use of nanoparticles like liposomes, dendrimers, nanoshells, carbon nanotubes, superpara-magnetic, silver/gold nanoparticles and nucleic acid based nanoparticles as well as the nanotechnology for a combination of therapeutic strategies. The advantages and challenges of these particles are also discussed. The use of different green synthesized based gold and silver nanoparticles are important for the apoptosis of different types of cancerous cells. Both size and shapes of these particles are important from the biological point of view and from the material characteristics. In present review we have also highlighted the role of some advanced nano-technologies and bio-therapeutics for diagnose and treatment of this lethal disease.
Background and Objective: Endometriosis is a common gynaecological disease with a diverse clinical presentation. Laparoscopy has long been considered the gold standard diagnostic modality for endometriosis but with the evolution of non-invasive, high resolution transvaginal ultrasonography, it is frequently used as the first line diagnostic technique in making a preoperative diagnosis for endometriosis. This study was designed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) in diagnosis of endometriosis taking laparoscopy as gold standard.Methods: A total of 118 women of child bearing age who presented with symptoms of pelvic endometriosis in the department of gynecology, Bakhtawar Amin Hospital Multan were included. The study duration was from June 01, 2018 to May 31, 2020. Patients were first investigated on TVS examination to diagnose endometriosis. Afterwards, diagnostic laparoscopy was performed in all patients to confirm the diagnosis of endometriosis. Accuracy of TVS was determined in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV).Results: Mean age of the patients was 31.7 ± 7.4 years. Most common presenting complaint was dysmenorrhea in 89 (75.4%) patients followed by dyspareunia in 36 (30.5%), chronic pelvic pain in 30 (25.4%) patients and subfertility in 18 (15.3%) patients. On TVS, endometriosis was diagnosed in 69 (58.5%) patients. While on diagnostic laparoscopy, endometriosis was diagnosed in 75 (63.6%) patients. The sensitivity of TVS in diagnosis of endometriosis was calculated as 82.7%, specificity as 83.7%, PPV as 89.9% and NPV as 73.5%. Conclusion:TVS appears to be the alternative and safe modality for diagnosis of endometriosis. It can be used as an alternative to diagnostic laparoscopy for the early diagnosis of endometriosis. It has a good sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of endometriosis.
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