Over the past 20 years, sales volumes in the knowledge-intensive sectors of the developed world grew about 2 times faster than in the manufacturing industry. It is no coincidence that the share of knowledge-intensive sectors of the manufacturing industry and the service sector today accounts for an average of more than half the GDP of the leading industrial countries. A new, knowledge-based economy creates new resources that effectively replace natural resources and human intellect. A high-end economy is the creation of new, artificial energy and artificial intelligence and their use in all sectors of the economy. In addition, a knowledge-intensive economy is a large-scale use of scientific developments, a new content of labor and the attitude of all its participants to it. A high-tech economy is born and is able to develop in a social environment with a sufficient level of intellectual development of society. The creation of such an economy requires not only a high level of development and implementation of new resource-creating and resource-saving technologies, but also a mass knowledge of new technologies, skills to use in production and everyday life. A high-tech economy is formed in conditions of sufficient intellectual security. With all this, the urgency of finding answers to the questions is growing: what conditions are necessary for the creation and functioning of a knowledge-based economy. In this regard, firstly, the article compares the level of development of human resources in the Republic of Kazakhstan with other countries of the world, which allows us to conclude that in terms of quantitative indicators (coverage of primary, secondary, vocational and higher education, life expectancy), our country has average positions in the world ranking. Secondly, in order to identify the relationship between a number of indicators of the method of assessing intellectual security in Kazakhstan, a correlation analysis for 2004-2017 was conducted. This article expands the knowledge on methods of assessing intellectual security for the development of a knowledge-based economy in developing countries.
This paper aims to examine the spread of social tools of Islamic finance before and after the Covid-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan, as the country where Islamic finance is most promoted in the region. As a result of the absence of official and centralized information, the research has been done on an internet-based survey. The results of the research have been based on the stratified sample of 1252 respondents before and after the emergency was declared in Kazakhstan as a result of the global Covid-19 pandemic. The authors applied SPSS statistics and survey-based indicators.The findings revealed the depth of awareness of social tools of Islamic finance, understanding of the main principles of Zakat and Sadaqah and difference of them. It was found that the age of the respondents has positive effects on the periodicity and amount of the donations. Furthermore, the results showed that the absence of a centralized system of charity in the country and the mistrust of intermediaries inhibit the development of Islamic finance instruments and lead to donations directly to needy people. The major constraints impeding Islamic social finance include the underdevelopment of Islamic finance as a value-based financial system.Islamic social finance tools could be both a resource and a solution for solving sustainability issues during and after the pandemic period in the country. The authors identified the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the structure of the charity projects, on the increase of the demand for financial assistance by individuals and the income decrease of the donators.
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